Seminar in helping Essay Example For Students

Seminar in helping Essay My perception to the social work filed is basicallythe problems that exist in our nation which need to be recognized more clearly than it is. A number of prominent individuals have been attacked or killed by people with a psychosis or other mental disorders. Violence and aggression displayed by the mentally ill is usually directed against partners or family members, rather than others. There is little evidence of an increasing number of violent acts made by patients with psychosis, but books suggests that patients with major mental disorders have an increased risk for committing such acts compared with the general population Fed by highly selected information in the mass media about their very rare contribution to one type of tragedy, homicide, the public, it has been said that unless people with a mental disorder are once more segregated, the streets will not be safe.Society that admits to uphold values such as the purity of life, equality, peace and non-violence can at the same time endorse capital punishment as a method of justice. Capital punishment is a barbaric practice that makes up a form of social injustice, especially since it does not even fulfill its alleged purpose of defending the interests of society. Executions have become rare among industrialized democracies. While a few countries do retain capital statues for dealing with extraordinary crimes suc h as treason, only Japan, parts of the former Soviet Union, and the United States still carry out death sentences for ordinary crimes of violence. Interestingly, even among those countries that still impose the death penalty, it appears that the United States stands in severe contrast to the international trend with capital punishment flourishing, accompanied by a corresponding wave of public support. The basic concerns of social welfare poverty, disability and disease, the dependent young and elderly are as old as civilized society itself. The means by which these concerns are addressed were once limited only by the laws of survival. Sharing another persons burden means weakening ones own standing in the struggle of daily existence. However, as societies evolved, the dependence between affiliates increased, so, as individuals became vulnerable, the society as a whole was affected, and systematic responses to disrupting factors were introduced. There have been recent studies that revealed the significance of parenting in the cross-generational transmission of aggressive or problem behavior up to three continuous generations. Stable evidence has long recognized and documented the negative effects of aggressive or harsh and inconsistent parenting and identified the need for interventions that would encourage better parenting skills. These results provide the direct link between the incidence of child abuse and the appearance of problem behaviors later in life. While child abuse occurs in all social, ethnic and income groups, it is most common among poor, under-educated and dysfunctional families and committed mostly by parents themselves who are young, unmarried or separated, lonely and coping with lifes stresses. My previous social work courses are relevant the social work profession in many ways, for instance human behavior I lean the concepts of hoe humans behave and why they behave the way that they do, social work with and for the aging will help me if I decide to work in the field with the elderly meaning, how to understand and cope with the elderly, Introduction to Social Work defined what social work was and what social workers do, and why they are so important. What made me become interested into social work does not have anything to do with the salary, there has been times in my life where others had helped me in my life and it seems like you can never thank them enough so I figured by paying it forward would be more than enough. .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f , .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .postImageUrl , .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f , .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f:hover , .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f:visited , .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f:active { border:0!important; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f:active , .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nutrition vs. sport performance EssayThe code of ethics is my personal commitment to my clients. The social work value that gives me the most difficulty is Encouraging individuals active participation in the helping relationship and to uphold their right to make their own decisions. This is the most difficult for me because Im trying to help my client make the right decisions in life, I cant do that if my client does not agree with my judgments, meaning if they want they could make the worst decision possible and all I can do is watch my client basically self- destruct themselves. My career goal is to be successful as possible for the sake of my daughter and I, to be able to be a good social worker to all of my clients, to be a positives role models to students and my co-workers.

Essay Topics For the Intelligence Test

Essay Topics For the Intelligence TestHaving the right essay topics for an intelligence test can make a difference in how much you score. Many people never make the grade on the test, because they chose a topic that is not appropriate for the IQ exam. Most college admissions counselors and college guidance counselors will not even consider a student who has chosen the wrong topic. These topics should be chosen based on your specific needs.There are many basic words that are used in different ways. This article will focus on using a few of the most common to help you get started with some great essay topics for the intelligence exam. We will talk about how you will build your material around these words and why you should do so.One of the best ways to do this is by using body language. It seems obvious, but it takes a little practice to get good at how body language affects the way someone is thinking.When you look at someone with good body language, you will notice that there are dif ferent facial expressions. The more confident you are, the more confident the person looks.You can also use body language to give more information about a person than just what they are saying. One of the easiest ways to do this is to put emphasis on the 'I' word. It is very important to make this one of your topics.It is often best to write conversational topics first and then have a central topic later on. This way, you can develop each of the topics into a story with strong points and weak points. Writing from the perspective of someone who knows the person can be very helpful.Intelligence essay topics can be hard to come up with. If you do not know how to structure your essay topics, then it can be difficult to find the right topics for the test. Make sure you take some time to research topics that will give you the best overall score.

Romeo And Juliet Open Response Essays

Romeo And Juliet Open Response Essays Romeo And Juliet Open Response Essay Romeo And Juliet Open Response Essay One reason Romeo is responsible for Gullets death and is own, is because he made the choice to go to the masquerade ball. If Romeo never went to the ball, he would not have meet Juliet. If he never met Juliet then he would not have fallen head over heels in love with her, enough to kill himself. Ill go along no such sight to be shown, But to rejoice in splendor of mine own. (1. 2. 103-104. ) in these lines Romeo says he will join Benevolent on going to Caplets ball. Romeo, not knowing one decision could create his fate, chose to try to meet new people instead of longing for Rosalie. Another reason Romeo is in charge of the deaths of himself ND Juliet, is he killed Table Caplet. Because Romeo killed Table, his cousin by marriage at the time, he was exiled to Mantra and could no longer see his love, Juliet. If Romeo walked away from the fight instead of getting in the middle, he could have easily avoided being exiled and could have stayed in Verona with Juliet. This days black fate on more days doth depend. This but begins the woe others must end. (3. 1. 81;82. ) in this quote, Romeo is expressing that this fight create peoples fate. He is also saying that the future will be affected by these actions. Romeo should not have fought and killed Table if he wanted to keep Juliet. The last reason Romeo is responsible for their deaths, is because he killed himself next to Juliet. Romeo should not have killed himself in the first place, but since he did, Juliet saw it when she awoke as him leaving her and she wanted to join him. Yea, noise? Then Ill be brief. O happy dagger, this is thy sheath. There rust and let me die. (5. 3. 183-184. ) in this last quote, Juliet expresses how she kills herself to be with Romeo. In my opinion, Juliet should have left with Friar Lawrence so she loud join the nunnery.

20 Movies Based on Shakespeare Plays

20 Movies Based on Shakespeare Plays 20 Movies Based on Shakespeare Plays 20 Movies Based on Shakespeare Plays By Maeve Maddox For me, April is Shakespeare’s month. Ill be writing several Shakespeare-related posts this month, starting with Shakespeare in the movies. According to tradition, William Shakespeare was born and died on Saint George’s Day, April 23. I find it poignant that one of his characters, Cassius, also dies on his birthday: This day I breathed first: time is come round, And where I did begin, there shall I end; Julius Caesar V, iii A popular academic pastime has beenand continues to bearguing that someone other than the man from Stratford wrote the plays because the â€Å"real† Shakespeare was too uneducated and homebound to have come up with such language, geographical references, and classical allusions. It’s one of the oldest conspiracy theories in existence. The official Shakespeare canon includes 16 comedies, 10 histories, 12 tragedies, 154 sonnets, and five longer poems. Writers have been mining the Shakespearean canon for 420 years and show no signs of exhausting it. Movie makers have been at it for 111 years. The first known film to make use of a Shakespeare play was a British production made in 1899. Only a two-minute scene survives, showing Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree acting the death scene of King John from the play of the same name. Hollywood has produced at least 250 films based on the plays or on characters or plots from the plays. Of Hamlet alone, close to 100 movie and TV adaptations have been made since 1907. Not just English-speaking movie makers raid the canon. Ran, for example, is a Japanese movie that sets King Lear in feudal Japan and turns Lear’s daughters into sons. Here are some movie titles followed by the name of the Shakespeare play that inspired them: A Double Life (1947) Othello A Thousand Acres (1997) King Lear All Night Long (1962) Othello Catch My Soul (1974) Othello Forbidden Planet (1956) The Tempest King of Texas (2002) King Lear Kiss Me Kate (1948) The Taming of the Shrew Let the Devil Wear Black (1999) Hamlet Men of Respect (1991) Macbeth My Own Private Idaho (1991) Henry IV and Henry V plays Ran (1985) King Lear Romeo Must Die (2000) Romeo and Juliet Scotland, PA (2001) Macbeth She’s the Man (2006) Twelfth Night Strange Brew (1983) Hamlet The Boys from Syracuse (1940) Comedy of Errors Tower of London (1939) Richard III Were the World Mine (2008) A Midsummer’s Night Dream West Side Story (1961) Romeo and Juliet Yellow Sky (1943) The Tempest Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:16 Substitutes for â€Å"Because† or â€Å"Because Of†7 Tips for Writing a Film ReviewForming the Comparative of One-syllable Adjectives

Research Methods for Business and Management Coursework - 2

Research Methods for Business and Management - Coursework Example However, the philosophy has not been exhausted and remains somehow sketchy. Qn. 4: - The data collection is well described and it is backed by how the data has been presented using graphs and pie charts. Data analysis has also been extensively done, enhancing the conclusive argument. Qn. 5: - The conclusions have been based on a thorough data collection, presentation and analysis, which has not been faulty. Thus, it is good to note that the conclusions reached are fair based on the data. Qn. 6: - The referencing is not completely and well formatted. The haphazard manner in which it has been done makes it difficult to identity which referencing style has been used. Further, the sort of referencing cannot be said to comply with current APA, Harvard or any other referencing style. Qn. 7: - The actual research has followed the outline set in the research proposal. The outline of the proposal identifies the activities which should be carried out and which order. The actual research has followed this

Surrealism as a way of looking at life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Surrealism as a way of looking at life - Essay Example The essay "Surrealism as a way of looking at life" states the surrealism. Artists were able to create strange creatures, from common objects. From this objects, Toman and JindrÃŒÅ'ich explains that artists were able to develop painting techniques that had the capability of allowing the unconscious self to express an idea, a concept, or even itself. Castant further explains that works of surrealism constantly feature elements of surprise, non sequitur, as well as unexpected juxtaposition. However, Greet denotes that majority of surrealist writers and artists normally regard their works of art as an expression of a philosophical movement, and this is before regarding these works as an artifact. On this basis, writers and artists of surrealism view this concept as a revolutionary movement. Brodskaiï ¸  aï ¸ ¡ traces the emergence of this movement to the Dada activities that were conducted during the 1st World War. Furthermore, Toman and JindrÃŒÅ'ich denotes that Paris played a great r ole in the emergence of this movement, because it was the center where artists were able to converge, and express their feelings and artistic works. From the year 1920, Surrealism was able to spread all over the world, affecting works in music, literature, film, as well as visual arts. Brodskaiï ¸  aï ¸ ¡ further denotes that surrealism has affected areas such as politics, philosophy, aesthetics, as well as other social elements of an individual’s life. Castant denotes that surrealism is an idea and movement that came to prominence.

Motivation As The Key To Performance Improvement Commerce Essay

Motivation As The Key To Performance Improvement Commerce Essay There is an old saying-you can take a horse to the water but u cannot force it to drink; itll drink only if it is thirsty-so with people. They will do what they want to do or otherwise motivated to do. Whether it is to excel on the workshop floor or in the ivory tower they must be motivated or driven to it, either by themselves or through external stimulus. Motivation is essential for any business to survive and succeed. Performance is considered to be a function of ability and motivation, thus: Job performance = f (ability)(motivation) Ability in turn depends on education, experience and training and its improvement in a slow and long process. On the other hand, motivation can be improved quickly. There are many options and an uninitiated manager may not even know where to start. As a guideline, there are broadly seven strategies for motivation: Positive reinforcement/high expectations Effective discipline and punishment Treating people fairly Satisfying employees needs Setting work related goals Restructuring jobs Base rewards on job performance Essentially, there is a gap between an individuals actual state and some desired state and the manager tries to reduce this gap. Motivation is, in effect, a means to reduce and manipulate this gap. It is inducing others in a specific way towards goals specifically stated by the motivator. Naturally, these goals as also the motivation system must conform to the corporate policy of the organization. The motivational system must be tailored to the situation and to the organisation. Intrinsic motivation comes from rewards inherent to a task or activity itself the enjoyment of a puzzle or the love of playing.[2] This form of motivation has been studied by social and educational psychologists since the early 1970s. Research has found that it is usually associated with high educational achievement and enjoyment by students. Intrinsic motivation has been explained by Fritz Heiders attribution theory, Banduras work on self-efficacy, [3] and Ryan and Decis cognitive evaluation theory. Students are likely to be intrinsically motivated if they: attribute their educational results to internal factors that they can control (e.g. the amount of effort they put in), believe they can be effective agents in reaching desired goals (i.e. the results are not determined by luck), are interested in mastering a topic, rather than just rote-learning to achieve good grades. Extrinsic motivation comes from outside of the performer. Money is the most obvious example, but coercion and threat of punishment are also common extrinsic motivations. While competing, the crowd may cheer on the performer, which may motivate him or her to do well. Trophies are also extrinsic incentives. Competition is in general extrinsic because it encourages the performer to win and beat others, not to enjoy the intrinsic rewards of the activity. Social psychological research has indicated that extrinsic rewards can lead to overjustification and a subsequent reduction in intrinsic motivation. In one study demonstrating this effect, children who expected to be (and were) rewarded with a ribbon and a gold star for drawing pictures spent less time playing with the drawing materials in subsequent observations than children who were assigned to an unexpected reward condition and to children who received no extrinsic reward[4] These articles on motivation theory and practice concentrate on various theories regarding human nature in general and motivation in particular. Included are the articles on the practical aspects of motivation in the workplace and the research that has been undertaken in this field, notably by Douglas McGregor (theory y), Frederick Herzberg (two factor motivation hygiene theory), Abraham Maslow (theory z, hierarchy of needs), Elton Mayo (Hawthorne experiments), Chris Argyris Rensis Likert and David McClelland (achievement motivation). The incentive theory of motivation A reward, tangible or intangible, is presented after the occurrence of an action (i.e. behavior) with the intent to cause the behavior to occur again. This is done by associating positive meaning to the behavior. Studies show that if the person receives the reward immediately, the effect would be greater, and decreases as duration lengthens. Repetitive action-reward combination can cause the action to become habit. Motivation comes from two sources: oneself, and other people. These two sources are called intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation, respectively. Applying proper motivational techniques can be much harder than it seems. Steven Kerr notes that when creating a reward system, it can be easy to reward A, while hoping for B, and in the process, reap harmful effects that can jeopardize your goals.[5] A reinforcer is different from reward, in that reinforcement is intended to create a measured increase in the rate of a desirable behavior following the addition of something to the environment. Drive-reduction theories There are a number of drive theories. The Drive Reduction Theory grows out of the concept that we have certain biological drives, such as hunger. As time passes the strength of the drive increases if it is not satisfied (in this case by eating). Upon satisfying a drive the drives strength is reduced. The theory is based on diverse ideas from the theories of Freud to the ideas of feedback control systems, such as a thermostat. Drive theory has some intuitive or folk validity. For instance when preparing food, the drive model appears to be compatible with sensations of rising hunger as the food is prepared, and, after the food has been consumed, a decrease in subjective hunger. There are several problems, however, that leave the validity of drive reduction open for debate. The first problem is that it does not explain how secondary reinforcers reduce drive. For example, money satisfies no biological or psychological needs, but a pay check appears to reduce drive through second-order conditioning. Secondly, a drive, such as hunger, is viewed as having a desire to eat, making the drive a homuncular being a feature criticized as simply moving the fundamental problem behind this small man and his desires. In addition, it is clear that drive reduction theory cannot be a complete theory of behavior, or a hungry human could not prepare a meal without eating the food before they finished cooking it. The ability of drive theory to cope with all kinds of behavior, from not satisfying a drive (by adding on other traits such as restraint), or adding additional drives for tasty food, which combine with drives for food in order to explain cooking render it hard to test. [edit] Cognitive dissonance theory Suggested by Leon Festinger, this occurs when an individual experiences some degree of discomfort resulting from an incompatibility between two cognitions. For example, a consumer may seek to reassure himself regarding a purchase, feeling, in retrospect, that another decision may have been preferable. Another example of cognitive dissonance is when a belief and a behavior are in conflict. A person may wish to be healthy, believes smoking is bad for ones health, and yet continues to smoke. Need theories [edit] Need hierarchy theory Main article: Maslows hierarchy of needs Abraham Maslows theory is one of the most widely discussed theories of motivation. The theory can be summarized as follows: Human beings have wants and desires which influence their behavior. Only unsatisfied needs influence behavior, satisfied needs do not. Since needs are many, they are arranged in order of importance, from the basic to the complex. The person advances to the next level of needs only after the lower level need is at least minimally satisfied. The further the progress up the hierarchy, the more individuality, humanness and psychological health a person will show. The needs, listed from basic (lowest-earliest) to most complex (highest-latest) are as follows: Physiology (hunger, thirst, sleep, etc.) Safety/Security/Shelter/Health Belongingness/Love/Friendship Self-esteem/Recognition/Achievement Self actualization [edit] Herzbergs two-factor theory Main article: Frederick Herzberg Frederick Herzbergs two-factor theory, AKA intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, concludes that certain factors in the workplace result in job satisfaction, but if absent, they dont lead to dissatisfaction but no satisfaction.[6] The factors that motivate people can change over their lifetime, but respect for me as a person is one of the top motivating factors at any stage of life. He distinguished between: Motivators; (e.g. challenging work, recognition, responsibility) which give positive satisfaction, and Hygiene factors; (e.g. status, job security, salary and fringe benefits) that do not motivate if present, but, if absent, result in demotivation. The name Hygiene factors is used because, like hygiene, the presence will not make you healthier, but absence can cause health deterioration. The theory is sometimes called the Motivator-Hygiene Theory and/or The Dual Structure Theory. Herzbergs theory has found application in such occupational fields as information systems and in studies of user satisfaction (see Computer user satisfaction). [edit] Alderfers ERG theory Main article: Clayton Alderfer Clayton Alderfer, expanding on Maslows hierarchy of needs, created the ERG theory (existence, relatedness and growth). Physiological and safety, the lower order needs, are placed in the existence category, while love and self esteem needs are placed in the relatedness category. The growth category contains our self-actualization and self-esteem needs. [edit] Self-determination theory Self-determination theory, developed by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan, focuses on the importance of intrinsic motivation in driving human behavior. Like Maslows hierarchical theory and others that built on it, SDT posits a natural tendency toward growth and development. Unlike these other theories, however, SDT does not include any sort of autopilot for achievement, but instead requires active encouragement from the environment. The primary factors that encourage motivation and development are autonomy, competence feedback, and relatedness. Broad theories The latest approach in Achievement Motivation is an integrative perspective as lined out in the Onion-Ring-Model of Achievement Motivation by Heinz Schuler, George C. Thornton III, Andreas Frintrup and Rose Mueller-Hanson. It is based on the premise that performance motivation results from the way broad components of personality are directed towards performance. As a result, it includes a range of dimensions that are relevant to success at work but which are not conventionally regarded as being part of performance motivation. Especially it integrates formerly separated approaches as Need for Achievement with e.g. social motives like Dominance. The Achievement Motivation Inventory (AMI) (Schuler, Thornton, Frintrup Mueller-Hanson, 2003) is based on this theory and assesses three factors (17 separated scales) relevant to vocational and professional success. [edit] Cognitive theories [edit] Goal-setting theory Goal-setting theory is based on the notion that individuals sometimes have a drive to reach a clearly defined end state. Often, this end state is a reward in itself. A goals efficiency is affected by three features: proximity, difficulty and specificity. An ideal goal should present a situation where the time between the initiation of behavior and the end state is close. This explains why some children are more motivated to learn how to ride a bike than mastering algebra. A goal should be moderate, not too hard or too easy to complete. In both cases, most people are not optimally motivated, as many want a challenge (which assumes some kind of insecurity of success). At the same time people want to feel that there is a substantial probability that they will succeed. Specificity concerns the description of the goal in their class. The goal should be objectively defined and intelligible for the individual. A classic example of a poorly specified goal is to get the highest possible grade . Most children have no idea how much effort they need to reach that goal. Models of behavior change Social-cognitive models of behavior change include the constructs of motivation and volition. Motivation is seen as a process that leads to the forming of behavioral intentions. Volition is seen as a process that leads from intention to actual behavior. In other words, motivation and volition refer to goal setting and goal pursuit, respectively. Both processes require self-regulatory efforts. Several self-regulatory constructs are needed to operate in orchestration to attain goals. An example of such a motivational and volitional construct is perceived self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is supposed to facilitate the forming of behavioral intentions, the development of action plans, and the initiation of action. It can support the translation of intentions into action. See also: Health Action Process Approach I-Change Model [edit] Unconscious motivation Some psychologists believe that a significant portion of human behavior is energized and directed by unconscious motives. According to Maslow, Psychoanalysis has often demonstrated that the relationship between a conscious desire and the ultimate unconscious aim that underlies it need not be at all direct.[9] In other words, stated motives do not always match those inferred by skilled observers. For example, it is possible that a person can be accident-prone because he has an unconscious desire to hurt himself and not because he is careless or ignorant of the safety rules.[citation needed] Similarly, some overweight people are not hungry at all for food but for fighting and kissing. Eating is merely a defensive reaction to lack of attention.[citation needed] Some workers damage more equipment than others do because they harbor unconscious feelings of aggression toward authority figures.[citation needed] Psychotherapists[who?] point out that some behavior is so automatic that the reasons for it are not available in the individuals conscious mind. Compulsive cigarette smoking is an example. Sometimes maintaining self-esteem is so important and the motive for an activity is so threatening that it is simply not recognized and, in fact, may be disguised or repressed. Rationalization, or explaining away, is one such disguise, or defense mechanism, as it is called. Another is projecting or attributing ones own faults to others. I feel I am to blame, becomes It is her fault; she is selfish. Repression of powerful but socially unacceptable motives may result in outward behavior that is the opposite of the repressed tendencies. An example of this would be the employee who hates his boss but overworks himself on the job to show that he holds him in high regard.[citation needed] Unconscious motives add to the hazards of interpreting human behavior and, to the extent that they are present, complicate the life of the administrator. On the other hand, knowledge that unconscious motives exist can lead to a more careful assessment of behavioral problems. Although few contemporary psychologists deny the existence of unconscious factors, many[who?] do believe that these are activated only in times of anxiety and stress, and that in the ordinary course of events, human behavior from the subjects point of view is rationally purposeful. [edit] Intrinsic motivation and the 16 basic desires theory Starting from studies involving more than 6,000 people, Professor Steven Reiss has proposed a theory that find 16 basic desires that guide nearly all human behavior. [10] [11] The desires are: Acceptance, the need for approval Curiosity, the need to think Eating, the need for food Family, the need to raise children Honor, the need to be loyal to the traditional values of ones clan/ethnic group Idealism, the need for social justice Independence, the need for individuality Order, the need for organized, stable, predictable environments Physical Activity, the need for exercise Power, the need for influence of will Romance, the need for sex Saving, the need to collect Social Contact, the need for friends (peer relationships) Status, the need for social standing/importance Tranquility, the need to be safe Vengeance, the need to strike back In this model, people differ in these basic desires. These basic desires represent intrinsic desires that directly motivate a persons behavior, and not aimed at indirectly satisfying other desires. People may also be motivated by non-basic desires, but in this case this does not relate to deep motivation, or only as a means to achieve other basic desires. [edit] Other theories Reversal theory Motivating operation Taylor Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856 1917) put forward the idea that workers are motivated mainly by pay. His Theory of Scientific Management argued the following: Workers do not naturally enjoy work and so need close supervision and control Therefore managers should break down production into a series of small tasks Workers should then be given appropriate training and tools so they can work as efficiently as possible on one set task. Workers are then paid according to the number of items they produce in a set period of time- piece-rate pay. As a result workers are encouraged to work hard and maximise their productivity. Taylors methods were widely adopted as businesses saw the benefits of increased productivity levels and lower unit costs. The most notably advocate was Henry Ford who used them to design the first ever production line, making Ford cars. This was the start of the era of mass production. Taylors approach has close links with the concept of an autocratic management style (managers take all the decisions and simply give orders to those below them) and Macgregors Theory X approach to workers (workers are viewed as lazy and wish to avoid responsibility). However workers soon came to dislike Taylors approach as they were only given boring, repetitive tasks to carry out and were being treated little better than human machines. Firms could also afford to lay off workers as productivity levels increased. This led to an increase in strikes and other forms of industrial action by dis-satisfied workers. Mayo Elton Mayo (1880 1949) believed that workers are not just concerned with money but could be better motivated by having their social needs met whilst at work (something that Taylor ignored). He introduced the Human Relation School of thought, which focused on managers taking more of an interest in the workers, treating them as people who have worthwhile opinions and realising that workers enjoy interacting together. Mayo conducted a series of experiments at the Hawthorne factory of the Western Electric Company in Chicago He isolated two groups of women workers and studied the effect on their productivity levels of changing factors such as lighting and working conditions. He expected to see productivity levels decline as lighting or other conditions became progressively worse What he actually discovered surprised him: whatever the change in lighting or working conditions, the productivity levels of the workers improved or remained the same. From this Mayo concluded that workers are best motivated by: Better communication between managers and workers ( Hawthorne workers were consulted over the experiments and also had the opportunity to give feedback) Greater manager involvement in employees working lives ( Hawthorne workers responded to the increased level of attention they were receiving) Working in groups or teams. ( Hawthorne workers did not previously regularly work in teams) In practice therefore businesses should re-organise production to encourage greater use of team working and introduce personnel departments to encourage greater manager involvement in looking after employees interests. His theory most closely fits in with a paternalistic style of management. Maslow Abraham Maslow (1908 1970) along with Frederick Herzberg (1923-) introduced the Neo-Human Relations School in the 1950s, which focused on the psychological needs of employees. Maslow put forward a theory that there are five levels of human needs which employees need to have fulfilled at work. All of the needs are structured into a hierarchy (see below) and only once a lower level of need has been fully met, would a worker be motivated by the opportunity of having the next need up in the hierarchy satisfied. For example a person who is dying of hunger will be motivated to achieve a basic wage in order to buy food before worrying about having a secure job contract or the respect of others. A business should therefore offer different incentives to workers in order to help them fulfill each need in turn and progress up the hierarchy (see below). Managers should also recognise that workers are not all motivated in the same way and do not all move up the hierarchy at the same pace. They may therefore have to offer a slightly different set of incentives from worker to worker. Herzberg Frederick Herzberg (1923-) had close links with Maslow and believed in a two-factor theory of motivation. He argued that there were certain factors that a business could introduce that would directly motivate employees to work harder (Motivators). However there were also factors that would de-motivate an employee if not present but would not in themselves actually motivate employees to work harder (Hygienefactors) Motivators are more concerned with the actual job itself. For instance how interesting the work is and how much opportunity it gives for extra responsibility, recognition and promotion. Hygiene factors are factors which surround the job rather than the job itself. For example a worker will only turn up to work if a business has provided a reasonable level of pay and safe working conditions but these factors will not make him work harder at his job once he is there. Importantly Herzberg viewed pay as a hygiene factor which is in direct contrast to Taylor who viewed pay, and piece-rate in particular Herzberg believed that businesses should motivate employees by adopting a democratic approach to management and by improving the nature and content of the actual job through certain methods. Some of the methods managers could use to achieve this are: Job enlargement workers being given a greater variety of tasks to perform (not necessarily more challenging) which should make the work more interesting. Job enrichment involves workers being given a wider range of more complex, interesting and challenging tasks surrounding a complete unit of work. This should give a greater sense of achievement. Empowerment means delegating more power to employees to make their own decisions over areas of their working life. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation) (http://www.accel-team.com/motivation/index.html) (http://tutor2u.net/business/gcse/people_motivation_theories.htm)