Who Were the Caliphs

A caliph is a religious leader in Islam, believed to be the successor to the Prophet Muhammad. The caliph is the head of the ummah, or the community of the faithful. Over time, the caliphate became a religiopolitical position, in which the caliph ruled over the Muslim empire. The word caliph comes from the Arabic khalifah, meaning substitute or successor. Thus, the caliph succeeds the Prophet Muhammad as the leader of the faithful. Some scholars argue that in this usage,  khalifah  is closer in meaning to representative — that is, the caliphs werent really substituted for the Prophet but merely represented Muhammad during their time on earth. Contention of The First Caliphate The original schism between Sunni and Shia Muslims occurred after the Prophet died, because of a disagreement over who should be the caliph. Those who became the Sunnis believed that any worthy follower of Muhammad could be caliph and they backed the candidacies of Muhammads companion, Abu Bakr, and then of Umar when Abu Bakr died. The early Shia, on the other hand, believed that the caliph should be a close relative of Muhammad. They preferred the Prophets son-in-law and cousin, Ali. After Ali was assassinated, his rival Mu-waiyah established the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus, which went on to conquer an empire stretching from Spain and Portugal in the west through North Africa and the Middle East to Central Asia in the east. The Umayyads ruled from 661 to 750, when they were overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphs. This tradition continued well into the next century. Conflict Over Time and The Last Caliphate From their capital at Baghdad, the Abbasid caliphs ruled from 750 to 1258, when the Mongol armies under Hulagu Khan sacked Baghdad and executed the caliph. In 1261, the Abbasids regrouped in Egypt and continued to exert religious authority over the Muslim faithful of the world until 1519. At that time, the Ottoman Empire conquered Egypt and moved the caliphate to the Ottoman capital at Constantinople. This removal of the caliphate from the Arab homelands to Turkey outraged some Muslims at the time and continues to rankle with some fundamentalist groups to this day. The caliphs continued as heads of the Muslim world — though not universally recognized as such, of course — until  Mustafa Kemal Ataturk abolished the caliphate in 1924. Although this move by the newly secular Republic of Turkey sparked an outcry among other Muslims around the world, no new caliphate has ever been recognized. Dangerous Caliphates of Today Today, the terrorist organization ISIS (the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) has declared a new caliphate in the territories it controls. This caliphate is not recognized by other nations, but the would-be caliph of ISIS-ruled lands is the organizations leader, al-Baghdadi. ISIS currently wants to revive the caliphate in the lands that once were the home of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates. Unlike some of the Ottoman caliphs, al-Baghdadi is a documented member of the Quraysh clan, which was the Prophet Muhammads clan. This gives al-Baghdadi legitimacy as a caliph in the eyes of some Islamic fundamentalists, despite the fact that most Sunnis historically did not require a blood relationship to the Prophet in their candidates for the caliph.

Brave New World By Aldous Huxley - 1518 Words

Giles 1 Attie Giles Lorna Martin AP English August 24, 2016 Brave New World Brave New World by Aldous Huxley is a very graphic novel that exemplifies the problems of modern society with a fictional setting that dates far into the future. However, the one feeling that Huxley describes most is the feeling of complete loneliness, even when surrounded by the very materialistic desires that were created for complete joy. This story revolves around one character in particular that portrays the theme of self loathing loneliness the most, and that is John â€Å"the Savage†. John is a mistake of creation, born from two elitist parents from London whose civilization prohibits the natural occurrence of pregnancy. John’s mother thought dead after she was†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœWhy wouldn’t they let me be the sacrifice? I’d have gone round ten times - twelve, fifteen. Palowithiwa only got as far as Giles 2 seven. They could have had twice as much blood from me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (117). That is a line from John that emphasizes the desire that John has to prove his worth to his fellow companions who ostracize him because of his appearance. Bernard Marx and Lenina Crowne are lovers from London vacationing in New Mexico. They visit this same Indian Reservation that John resides. Bernard and Lenina are both frightened by the disgust of the lifestyle of this reservation, but during one of the ceremonial rituals they meet John and hear his story on how a caucasian man was born in this society. Soon after hearing this story Bernard realizes that John’s father is none other than his boss from London, who vacationed at this same reservation with John’s mother. Intrigued by this discovery Bernard takes John and his mother away from the Reservation to London as a showcase to world. When they returned to London John’s father is shamed by the fact he has a son, as it is str ictly prohibited to have any natural conception. As John is introduced into this strange new society, he is greatly confused by the culture and customs that are so polar opposite from what he knew. John is quickly given the name â€Å"Savage† and observed like a zoo animal. They require John to stay in London as an experiment to see how an uncivilized being

Privacy Preserving Data Of Data Essay - 7893 Words

1. INTRODUCTION Data in its original shape contains sensitive information about individuals, and publishing such data will breach individual privacy. The recent practice in data publishing relies mainly on rules and guidelines as to what kinds of data can be published and on agreements on the use of published data. This approach may lead to extreme data distortion or inadequate protection. Privacy-preserving data publishing provides methods and tools for publishing useful information and also for preserving data privacy. Privacy-preserving data publishing was intended to construct published tables in a way that allows systematic tasks (e.g., aggregate query answering, data mining) over the published data and also for protecting the privacy of individual’s data. Privacy-preserving data mining refers to the area of data mining that seeks to preserve the sensitive information from unsolicited or unendorsed disclo ¬sure. The major objective of privacy preserving data mining is t o construct the algorithms for modifying the original data in various ways, so that the confidential data and knowledge remain confidential even after the mining process. Data anonymization is the process of obscuring published data to prevent the identification of the key information. There are two approaches known as generalization and suppression used in the anonymization process. Generalization is the process of replacing less specific value with the higher value. SuppressionShow MoreRelatedThe Privacy Preserving Data Mining1046 Words   |  5 Pagesthree main components the mediator, customer and a group of data service providers. Previously there is no interaction between the customer and the data provider. And when the client sends a query, the mediator forwards the information to all data holders and via exchange of the acknowledgements, the mediator generates the connection with the data providers[4]. There are various techniques suggested in the area of the Privacy Preserving Data Mining but one exceed over the other on the basis of differentRead MoreTechniques For Privacy Preserving Data Mining Essay958 Words   |  4 PagesTechniques for privacy preserving data mining Introduction Data mining techniques provide good results only if input data is accurate. But data collected from users are often inaccurate.Users may deliberately enter inaccurate information if they are asked to provide personal information because of their worry that information may be misused by organisation to harass them. So we need to find data mining techniques that encourages the user to provide accurate information by ensuring them that data miningRead MorePrivacy Preserving Data Mining : Database Security And Privacy2788 Words   |  12 Pages Privacy Preserving Data Mining Database Security and Privacy Jing Wang 250711908 Abstract In recent years, privacy preserving data mining has become a hotspot in data mining. Today, the field of privacy has seen rapid advances in recent years because of the increase in the ability to store data. In particular, recent advances in the data mining field have led to increasing concerns about privacy. However, with the development of technologies, the emerging applications result in an accumulationRead MorePrivacy Preservation Of The Field Of Data Mining1525 Words   |  7 PagesData Mining is an analytic process designed to explore data (usually large amounts of data - typically business or market related - also known as big data) in search of consistent patterns and systematic relationships between variables, and then to validate the findings by applying the detected patterns to new subsets of data. In recent years, with the tremendous development in the internet, data storage and processing technologies, privacy and security has become our major concerns in the fieldRead MoreInstalling A Secure Clustering Protocol1342 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract— the data aggregation is mostly used energy efficient mechanism in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Preserving data security is a challenging problem in wireless sensor networks. Because of the resource characteristic, security privacy issues there in assume critical investigation. Many aspects of investigation, one has been the design of a secure clustering protocol in which a sensed data or information to be delivered to an appropriate receiver securely and efficiently with least amountRead MoreFuture Privacy Of Information Technologies1303 Words   |  6 PagesFuture Privacy of Information Technologies to Protect Personal Data In a modern life, from the minute a person is born, a digital record is created. From that point on, the individual’s behavior is regularly tracked and information are collected about the typical parts of the person life such as when government collect data about our health, education and income, we hope that the data are used in good way. However, we always have concerned about our privacy. Liina Kamm did her research on the InformationRead MoreThe Time-consuming Task of Preparing a Data Set for Analysis in Data Mining1846 Words   |  7 PagesPreparing a data set for analysis in data mining is a more time consuming task. For preparing a data set it requires more complex SQL quires, joining tables and aggregating columns. Existing SQL aggregations have some limitations to prepare data sets because they return one column per aggregated group. In general, significant manual efforts are required to build data sets, where a horizontal layout is required. Also many data mining a pplications deal with privacy for many sensitive data. ThereforeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Prisense Protocol1653 Words   |  7 PagesISSUES PriSense: Privacy-Preserving Data Aggregation The Prisense Protocol [4] provides a novel solution to privacy-preserving data aggregation in people-centric urban sensing systems. PriSense is builds the concept of data slicing and mixing and can support a wide range of statistical additive and non-additive aggregation functions like as Variance, Sum, Count, Average, Median, Max/Min, Histogram, and gives accurate aggregation results. PriSense also can support strong user privacy against a tuneableRead MoreEvaluation Of A Project On The Server s Response Essay1254 Words   |  6 Pagesuser’s data content no matter how many linear combinations of the same set of file blocks can be collected. To maintain resourceful handling of various auditing tasks we further look at the technique of bilinear aggregate signature to extend our chief result into a multi-user setting where TPA can do various auditing tasks instantaneously. Advantages: Storage accuracy to make persuaded that there endures no corrupt cloud server that can pass the TPA’s audit without certainly storing user’s data integralRead MoreDecision-Learning Algorithm Research Paper1264 Words   |  6 Pagesdatabases while preserving the privacy of the information that is stored in each database [3, Page1]. This paper proposes an algorithm (a privacy preserving enhancement of ID3: ID3 Ï ­) [3, Page8]. We have two parties; party P1 with data base D1 and part2 with data base D2. P1 view is given by D1 and ID3 Ï ­ (D1 U D2) and P2 view is given by D2 and ID3 Ï ­ (D1 U D2). The majority of the computations is performed independently on the individual databases, thus, minimizing the amount of data sent via communication

World War I Was An Atrocious Experience For All Involved

World War I was an atrocious experience for all involved. No one involved in this global conflict was left insusceptible to its effects. Due to the magnitude of devastation and loss of life caused by World War I, it went down in history as one of the vilest wars ever to be fought. It was a brutal war from 1914-1918 which affected all of Europe and the outlying areas. The military conflict that began the World War I started as a local European war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. It was transformed into a general European struggle by declaration of war against Russia on August 1, 1914 and eventually became a global war involving thirty-two nations. Twenty-eight of these nations, known as the Allies and the Associated Powers, whose major belligerents included Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States, opposed the coalition known as the Central Powers, which consisted of Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire (Williamson and Van Wyk 2003). The immediate cause of the war between Austria - Hungary and Serbia was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on June 28, 1914, at Sarajevo in Bosnia by a Serb nationalist name Gavrilo Princip. In the eyes of many Americans, the World War I had nothing to do with the United States. Most Americans preferred remaining out of the conflict. President Woodrow Wilson publicly and formally stated that the United States would follow a strict â€Å"Policy of Neutrality† other than providing material assistance toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Elizabeth Wein And The Holocaust And World War II1400 Words   |  6 Pagesplace in history was actually like? Explain using examples from the book. Before reading Code Name Verity by Elizabeth Wein, I was interested in the Holocaust and World War II which set me on the path to attempt to find this book. I knew fairly enough but the entire time period was intriguing. Thus, I picked this book up and set myself through the experiences of Julia Lindsay MacKenzie Wallace Beaufort-Stuart (whose code name Verity) and her very dear best friend Maddie Brodatt. I came away from theRead MoreWwi Essay : World Literature1663 Words   |  7 PagesDixin Ding Ms. Solder World Literature Period 4 12 February 2017 WWI Synthesis Essay â€Å"Love is like war...easy to start, difficult to end, and impossible to forget† (Unknown). With a half century of peace among nations, people were deemed unfit to comprehend the devastating reality behind war. With recent campaigns being brief and victorious, individuals believed this war would be nothing short of the same. Hence, the buzz surrounding the beginning of the war was undeniable, from theRead MoreCulture And Culture Of Ireland1451 Words   |  6 Pagesfive characteristics of culture. The first section will cover the history of Ireland to illustrate the connection of a country’s struggle and their learned culture. I will attempt to communicate some of the key aspects that connect an individual culture to the region of the world it inhabits in the second section. In the third section, I will discuss the language and art of the land will be discussed to draw lines to the symbols a culture is founded upon. The fourth section of the essay is dedicatedRead MoreA Random Sample Of Students From A University906 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause it is rare they experience evidence to the contrary (Dalton Lecture: Sept. 28). To study this issue, I would conduct an experiment with a random sample of students from a university. The students would be randomly assigned into one of two comparison groups: the control group or the experimental group (Pg. 116-117). The students in the experimental group would be asked to perform a number of cellphone related tasks while in a simulated driving video game that involved unexpected driving occurrencesRead MoreBias And Perception Of Bias1486 Words   |  6 Pages It is said that conservatives have a greater negative bias than liberals. Negativity bias is a cognitive bias that puts more attention and importance on negative experiences and information. A bias is defined as a tendency to perceive things in a distorted manner that alters our way of thinking. Negativity bias makes negative information impact behavior and perception more than positive information. An example of this would be if you have negativity bias and meet a new person with many positiveRead MoreSlaughterhouse Five Essay exam ple1842 Words   |  8 Pagesviewers eternally, war is senseless killing. The participants of war that are ‘fortunate’ enough to survive become emotionally distraught civilians. 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This topic was much discussed in the United States about twenty-five years ago, but has recently reemerged in the discussion of the European Convention on bioethics and through current discussion in the medical literature of the kinds of consent and experiments appropriate in the Third World. I summarize the U.S. discussion and solution, present the current European discussion, and c onclude with a proposalRead More Stop-Loss Policy Essay2517 Words   |  11 PagesStop-Loss Policy War has been around since the beginning of time. People have been asked to defend for their country and to die for their cause. But is the war that America is currently involved in, one of the times where people should be forced to die and stay overseas. The men and women who volunteered to fight for the country they love, are not being forced to stay longer then the original time they were supposed to stay, all thanks to President Bush’s â€Å"stop-loss policy† otherwise known as

Reform In Britain During The 1800s History Essay Free Essays

The call for reform in Britain during the 1800 ‘s was common with measure after measure turn toing issues such as working conditions, instruction and faith each going a subject of argument. The most of import of the reforms nevertheless were the legislative reform that began with the 1832 reform measure and was continued in 1867 and beyond. These first two measures nevertheless are the most important of the statute law passed during the century. We will write a custom essay sample on Reform In Britain During The 1800s History Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was the 1832 Reform Act though that was the defining minute in British parliamentary History. It was the first major restructuring of the electoral system in over five hundred old ages, and as a consequence it is justified to name it a momentous event. Whether or non the Reform Act of 1832 was ‘great ‘ as it has been labeled or is slightly lesser in significance is a good inquiry. It could be stated that reform acts that followed accomplished more and affected a wider sector of the population than the original measure. The Reform Act of 1867 tantrums in to this class, it reached out to more people than the original act and as Gertrude Himmelfarb says, it was the â€Å" aˆÂ ¦act that transformed England into a democracy. †[ 1 ] However one reads that statement, there has to be a starting point and it is difficult to conceive of parliament doing such wide-ranging alterations like affranchising the working category in 1867 if non for the in-between category holding already been enfranchised at some earlier clip. Francis Herrick therefore, is a bit more accurate when he wrote that the â€Å" Reform Bill of 1867 is by and large considered as the 2nd measure in the long procedure which peacefully transformed the British authorities into a functioning democracy. †[ 2 ] Reform took about a century to finish, it did n’t go on overnight. No 1 in 1832 idea that the advancement they had made was traveling to be the terminal of the route. Ellis A. Wasson makes this clear by stating â€Å" †¦ conclusiveness was non their purpose, † they went from utilizing the nose count of 1820 to that of 1830 to apportion seats while they were revising the measure because they â€Å" tacitly admitted their ‘s could merely be a impermanent step. †[ 3 ]Herrick makes a good point when he says that 18th century British reform is a â€Å" aˆÂ ¦story of the transportation of political power from an nobility to a in-between category, and from the in-between category to the people. †[ 4 ]Therefore, the history of reform in Britain is, and it ‘s most of import minute has to be, the act of 1832 when the first measure was accomplished by reassigning power to the in-between category. The Reform Act, for that ground, is of great effe ct non merely for what it achieved but besides because it set in motion.A Prior to the 1832 act, parliament was under the control of the aristocracy and the landed elite in both the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Those who sat there were representatives of the privileged along with being distinguished landholders. These work forces were besides leaders in about every facet of British society. It can be argued that any sort of reform would be damaging to the domination the land-owning nobility held and it would look that these work forces would non vote for a measure that would cut down their power but, this â€Å" landed elite dominated the establishments which passed the parliamentary reform Acts of the Apostless of 1832 and 1867. †[ 5 ] One ground for their recognition of reform was that they saw problem looming in the skyline if there was non some kind of alteration was n’t made. Encouraged by what they saw as a successful revolution in France, the people of Britain became resolute in their privation for a more representative authorities. The instance could be made that outside parliamentary force per unit area to consequence reform was inspired by the in-between category along with a really convincing concern of a on the job category rebellion. This outside force per unit area could come in many signifiers with the most popular being some type of presentation. Therefore, it is difficult to visualize the Reform Act being passed on its ain agreement and the curates merely had to look at the Catholic Emancipation of 1829, which saw widespread perturbation prior to its passing. After the 2nd reading of the Reform Bill was rejected there were public violences that took topographic point in Bristol every bit good as serious perturbations at Derby and Nottingham, and a roseola of less alarming presentations in other topographic points.[ 6 ] After two unsuccessfully efforts, the Reform Act was passed by the Commons and sent to the Lords on 26 March 1832 but non without another signifier of play. The Whig cabinet threatened to walk out if the male monarch did non demo his support for reform by naming 50 extra equals. When he did n’t, Lord Grey resigned. Undeterred, the male monarch made an attempt to put up a Tory disposal that advocated a more moderate reform by reappointing Wellington to make a new authorities. This experiment did non hold the expected consequences and Wellington, recognizing that he could non sit a Front Bench of protagonists, ended his effort to take office. Having no other option, the male monarch sent for Grey who retook his station and rapidly moved to present another measure. Equally shortly as he was made cognizant that the King ‘s had come to an understanding with Grey and his Whig demands, Lord Althorp was reported to hold said: â€Å" It completes the revolution. †[ 7 ] Again, the Reform Act was the starting point of this revolution but its impact on future reform can non be understated. Talking to the House of Commons on February 28, 1859, Benjamin Disraeli makes mention to its impact by stating that â€Å" If we judge of the Act of 1832 by its effects†¦ it must be admitted that that policy was equal to the exigency it controlled and directed. †[ 8 ]There was no great public call for reform in 1867 and what small there was had no existent organisation behind it. What small call for alteration there was out at that place was non concentrated on any individual step for political reform.[ 9 ]Furthermore, the issue of reform played small portion in the election of 1865, which indicated a general satisfaction with the bing state of affairs.[ 10 ]Seven old ages after Disraeli ‘s address on March 12, 1866, William Gladstone made similar mention to 1832 while presenting his measure when he said â€Å" It may be said, and said really genu inely that at the clip there was a political heat and exhilaration, and a grade of apprehensiveness which do non now existaˆÂ ¦ †[ 11 ] The rudimentss of the Reform Act of 1832 were that it enfranchised the in-between category. This meant that they could form as a political force. Power had been passed from the little figure of elect whose ascendants had entitled them to a more commercially minded, progressive base and broke the old landholders ‘ clasp on power. If Nelson ‘s triumph at Trafalgar saved Britain from Gallic invasion and is considered a decisive event of the 19th century, so the reform act should be considered merely as worthy since it saved Britain from violent revolution from within. Phillips and Wetherell repeat an article in a 1836 issue of the Westminster Review that sang the congratulations for the measure by stating â€Å" The passing of the Reform Bill was our pickings of the Bastille ; it was the first act of our great political alteration. †[ 12 ] Phillips and Wetherell offer inside informations to the consequence the original measure. Prior to passage of the measure, the people entitled to vote is difficult to gauge because there was no signifier of enrollment â€Å" but the best-informed estimations suggest that instantly before the Reform Bill more than 400,000 Englishmans held a franchise of some kind. †[ 13 ]This figure comes out of a population in the England and Wales that was estimated to be merely about 14 million at the 1831 nose count.[ 14 ]The public permitted to vote so, represents merely 2.86 per centum of the population in 1831. In its concluding signifier nevertheless, the Great Reform Act â€Å" expanded the entire electorate in surplus of 650, 000, † which is an accurate sum â€Å" because of the infliction of a national system of enrollment. †[ 15 ]The addition of 250,000 new constituency members seems little out of the entire population but represented a 62.5 per centum addition in the figure of electors. Without uncertainty, the Reform Act of 1867 permitted more electors. The 1861 nose count shows merely over 20 million people lived in England and Wales which is an addition of four million people in 30 old ages. The Reform Act passed six old ages subsequently â€Å" added 938,427 new electors to the axial rotation, more than four times the figure enfranchised in 1832. †[ 16 ]It is difficult to accept as true that parliament in 1867 would hold been in favour of a measure that enfranchised the in-between category and the on the job category at the same clip which would hold been the instance if there was no 1832 Act. Without it, there would hold been an addition of over one and a half million new electors in a individual act of parliament. Whatever the addition in electors was, it was the figure of seats in the authorities that should be considered of import and here is where the Act of 1832 made a bigger impact. Prior to 1832, the landed nobility controlled Parliament, along with â€Å" icky boroughs, † parliamentary communities that had decreased in size but still elected members to the House of Commons. The reform measure did off with those icky boroughs as â€Å" rightists in Parliament advocated the riddance of rotten constituencies and the transportation of their seats to the more healthy county constituencies. †[ 17 ]It caused 56 boroughs to be wholly disfranchised. It besides included 31 extra boroughs that had less than four-thousand dwellers ended up losing one of their two M.P.s.[ 18 ]The entire figure of seats affected in 1832 so, was 143, a considerable sum more than in 1867 where the figure was 52 boroughs. This displacement in seats in 1832 efficaciously ended the blue monopoly on authorities and if one wanted to keep it, he would hold to depend on the support of the in-between category. The Act of 1867 did nil to change this as the representation ratio remained virtually the same as it had been with the 1832 act. Herrick considers this place and comes up with an effectual manner of thought by stating â€Å" In other words, the boroughs, where the new voters were most legion, were given a slightly smaller portion of the representation in parliament, and the counties, where a much smaller figure were enfranchised, received a larger portion.[ 19 ] The Reform Act of 1832 enfranchised homeowners who paid a annual rent of at least 10 lbs. That meant that about half of the in-between category and all of the working category malice of everything were still without a ballot. This was acceptable to the Whigs, who felt that those entitled to vote should be expected to utilize that privilege in an informed and responsible manner.[ 20 ] Seen from a current point of position, 1832 can be seen as an imperative gateway to a full representative parliamentary democracy. Subsequent reform was to follow and it would spread out the ballot to adult male homeowners in 1867 and produced blue-collar bulks in a batch of urban communities. The Third Reform Act of 1884 extended the franchise even further passing the ballot to mineworkers and many farm labourers. Wasson explains that â€Å" although it has been argued that the 1832 act had no necessary wake, † one can see â€Å" clearly the importance of the impact of reform on the relationship between members of Parliament and their components. †[ 21 ]He goes on to explicate how â€Å" The decisive minute in blue resignation came with the first measure and non with the 2nd. † There is no uncertainty that future steps were bound to go on and there can be no inquiry that their success be would come as a consequence of the first Act. Neither the Acts of 1832 or 1867 were perfect, there were issues with both, while the 1832 act was a beginning, 1867 was supposed to repair the issues left by the earlier act. The 1867 Reform Act contained unjust characteristics of its ain. The existent consequence of this inequality is evident when the re-distribution clauses are considered.[ 22 ]The unequal redistribution of seats in 1867 in malice of everything left citizens in the Midlands, London and countries of the North without adequate power to talk for them in Parliament. The unequal allotment of seats still favored the landowning categories who were able to pull strings the representation of the smaller borough seats. The old ages before and after the Great Reform Act of 1832 were critical minutes in the patterned advance of Britain accomplishing societal equality. This alteration was started with the motion to establish the rights of spiritual minorities. Soon, nevertheless, governmental reform took on a life of its ain and led to a cardinal interruption down in the constitutional order of Britain. However, such extremist steps as undertaken by parliament at the clip, were able to rectify most of the jobs and electoral corruptness would be eliminated and pureness and virtuousness restored to the full electoral procedure.[ 23 ] The Reform Act of 1832 deserves to be classified as great for a smattering grounds. The chief purpose of its blue Godheads was to free the representative system of untenable characteristics, and to bring forth a better representation in the House of Commons of the belongings and intelligence of the state.[ 24 ]With this accomplished, it reduced of the figure of nomination boroughs conveying about a new footing of order in political relations. The reform reshaped the political landscape accidentally ; it introduced a new political system by by chance changing the relationship between elections, electors, and the parliamentary parties.[ 25 ] The Reform Act may be seen as the terminal of the old order. However, its illustriousness is in the fact that it was done with future reform in head and it was done instead peacefully. The dominant nobility, still in control of the State, had acted, in some respects against its ain sectional involvements, to reform the Constitution by Act of Parliament, without revolution or civil war.[ 26 ]The measure did non stop nobility but it was â€Å" the first and most of import measure in the nobility ‘s supplanting. †[ 27 ]Future reform including the Act of 1867 was of import but there is no uncertainty that â€Å" The decisive minute in blue resignation came with the first measure and non with the 2nd. Subsequent steps may non hold been inevitable, but they were made possible. †[ 28 ] While non all inclusive, the Great Reform Act started Britain on the route to a better signifier of authorities. The first measure of acknowledging that representation was flawed and coming to the belief that the in-between category deserved a voice in their authorities was the most of import factor that guided subsequent reform. By the terminal of the 19th century, Britain was in front of her European neighbours when it came to democratic representation due to the fresh 1832 spring in the dark. How to cite Reform In Britain During The 1800s History Essay, Essay examples

Voluntary Administration for a Case Study Analysis- myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theVoluntary Administration for a Case Study Analysis. Answer: Constructing a DOCA Proposal One of the options available under voluntary administration is entering into a deed of company arrangement (DOCA). Either of the interested parties in the administration process, that is directors or creditors, may propose a deed highlighting the rights of creditors against the organisation and its assets and the obligations of the company in paying out its debt (Cseti, 2011). The deed, therefore, is an instrument that presents a compromise arrangement between the organisation and its creditors where the company has been facing financial challenges. It serves as a way to terminate the voluntary administration process. Once the deed is approved by the creditors the administration process is complete and the organisation proceeds to enforce the requirements of the deed accordingly. However various factors must be considered in constructing a DOCA proposal. As a voluntary administrator, once should ensure the deed adheres to the provisions of s 444A of the Corporations Act 2001. In preparing the proposal, an administrator should ensure they have set out the available property; the extent the company is relieved of its debt, pre-execution conditions and post-execution conditions, grounds for termination and order of distribution of proceeds among others. The deed may propose a continuation of the companys operation, injection of funds or sale of company properties or outline a fixed sum payable to creditors over a set period of time. Identifying the most suitable cause of action is guided by the deliberations at the creditors meetings as well as liaising with the company directors. These are the considerations to be made and criteria to be met in preparing a DOCA proposal for the directors and creditors of 4th Estate Media Limited. Insolvent Trading The Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) under s 95A defines solvency as the capacity to cover all debts and financial obligations when they are due, failure to this constitutes insolvency under s 95A (2). With regard to companies, Sutherland v Hanson Construction Materials Pty Ltd (2009) NSWSC held that an organization's solvency is determined by its cash flows which are evidenced by the balance sheet among other financial statements. As such, where an organisations cash flows fail to cover its debt then the organisation would be considered insolvent (ASIC, 2016). Under s 588G of the Act 2001 (Cth), where a company is insolvent and the directors cause it to incur further debt they would be engaging in insolvent trading which is a breach of their duties. The Act under s 588G bestows a duty on directors to prevent insolvent trading where they are directors at the time the debt is incurred, where incurring the debt leads to insolvency or where there are reasonable grounds for belief that the company is or would be insolvent (Quinlan, 2017). A director would be held liable if they were evidently aware of the companys insolvency but allowed the debt to be incurred or where a reasonable person in their position would be so aware of the possibility of insolvency. The Act 2001 (Cth) further considers dishonesty on the part of the director as a determinant for liability; the burden of proof lies with the claimant alleging the directors liability for insolvent trading (ASIC, 2016). Insolvency trading elicits various consequences; perpetrators face civil penalties as well as criminal charges in the event they are convicted of guilt. Contravention of the insolvency provisions outlined above may attract pecuniary penalties totalling up to $200,000. Other civil penalties include disqualification as a manager and compensation to creditors for the loss suffered (ASIC, 2016). Where dishonesty is involved, directors found liable may attract criminal liability. As such, where the director is found criminally liable they are likely to face imprisonment of up to five years (ASIC, 2014). The Impact of an Administrators Appointment on Large Bank Ltd Large Bank Ltd in this case study qualifies as a secured creditor, that is 4th Estate Media owes the bank money to the tune of Two Hundred and Fifty Million Dollars ($250M). In turn, the bank holds a security interest over some of the companys assets. Upon assumption of their role as voluntary administrators, Mark Menthol and James Corporal are expected to investigate the companys affairs and present the bank, along with other creditors and stakeholders with a report and possible options to end the voluntary administration process. Guided by this report the bank and other creditors will hold meetings to determine the best possible cause of action. However, with the appointment of the voluntary administrators, the bank as a secured creditor cannot enforce any security interests they may hold over the companys assets (ASIC, 2017). Further, as a creditor, the bank cannot institute legal proceedings to wind up or recover any debt owed once a voluntary administrator is appointed (Quinlan, 2005). If the bank held a charge over any company property, it must enforce it within ten days of the administrator's appointment; later enforcement would require the administrators consent or leave of court. However, if the bank had commenced enforcement proceedings prior to the appointment of the administrator, the enforcement of the security would proceed. As such, the appointment of the voluntary administrators would limit the rights of the bank to lay claim over the outstanding loan or enforce any existing securities as described above. Board Composition and ASX Corporate Governance Guidelines Generally, board size and composition varies depending on the type and size of the company as well as the complex nature of its business (Governance Institute of Australia, 2014). The ASX Corporate Governance Guidelines (2014) outline the composition guidelines for listed companies and provide that the size of a companys board of directors should be ample enough to cater for the businesss requirements. Additionally, any changes to the boards composition should be carried out smoothly without disrupting company operations. Further, good governance principles dictate that the chairman of the board should remain a non-executive director; the board should comprise of independent directors to ensure an unbiased opinion is reflected in decision making. In addition to this, any director who is described as an independent director should hold no interest whatsoever within the company that would compromise their independence. The conditions listed above outline the criteria for public companies to observe with regard to board composition. In the case study discussed herein, 4th Estate Media Limited has a board of five directors. The number falls within the criteria provided by the ASX guidelines. Additionally, the board chairman Flem Worsley is described as independent which also conforms to the ASX guidelines. Further, Caddy Isely fills in the role of the non-executive director as required by the ASX guidelines. Given the size of the board, it is evident that there is a balance of executive, non-executive and independent directors on the board. With this analysis in mind, it is evident that the company, 4th Estate Media Ltd, has conformed with ASX guidelines with regard to board composition. The Role of Minority Shareholders in the Voluntary Administration Process As aforementioned, the purpose of the voluntary administration process is to restructure the organisation so as to allow it to survive where it has been faced with financial difficulties (Hughes, 2017). It allows the organisation an opportunity its financial status by suspending or negotiating obligations with creditors. During the administration process, the administrator assumes management control from company directors and assesses the companys affairs so as to determine the best possible option for creditors that would ensure the companys survival. The primary duty of the voluntary administrator is to the creditors and the company directors; shareholders play a minimal role in this process (ASIC, 2017). In order to commence the process a voluntary administrator is appointed through a board resolution; shareholders and particularly minority shareholders do not play any role at this stage. Additionally, as previously mentioned the voluntary administrator is under no duty to report to the shareholders; however, shareholders may inspect administration books kept to maintain a record of the process. Shareholders are not accorded the right to vote on the companys future once the administrator is appointed they would also be bound by a DOCA once or if it is approved. It is evident therefore that shareholders rights are limited under the voluntary administration regime (Williamson-Noble, et al., 2015). Minority shareholders are likely to be severely disadvantaged where a company opts for voluntary administration. This is because they lack sufficient voting rights to influence the companys future prior and post voluntary administration and as such are bound by any decisions made by directors and the majority. Additionally, as was the case in Australian Blue Mountain International Cultural Tourist Group Pty Ltd [2015] NSWSC 937, the minority may receive notice of the ultimate decision either in delay or not at all and as such cannot adequately participate in the post administration process. Further, priority payment policies under Australian Corporation Legislation place minority shareholders at a lower priority level over creditors and majority shareholders as such they may receive little to no funds should the company decide to ultimately wind up after the voluntary administration process is complete (Resolute Lawyers Associates, 2014). Reference List ASIC, 2014. Insolvency for directors. [Online] Available at: https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/insolvency-for-directors/directors-consequences-of-insolvent-trading/ [Accessed 13 September 2017]. ASIC, 2016. Insolvent Trading: Duties of Directors. [Online] Available at: https://aicd.companydirectors.com.au/~/media/cd2/resources/director-resources/director-tools/pdf/05446-6-3-duties-directors_insolvent-trading_a4-web.ashx [Accessed 13 September 2017]. ASIC, 2017. Information Sheet (INFO 43): Insolvency, A Guide for Shareholders, s.l.: ASIC. ASIC, 2017. Information Sheet 74 (INFO 74): Voluntary Administration, A Guide for Creditors.[Online] Available at: https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/insolvency-for-creditors/voluntary-administration-a-guide-for-creditors/ [Accessed 13 September 2017]. ASX Corporate Governance Council, 2014. ASX Corporate Governance Principles 3rd Edition. s.l.:ASX Corporate Governance Council. Australian Blue Mountain International Cultural Tourist Group Pty Ltd (2015) NSWSC 937. Cseti, D., 2011. Understanding Personal Property Securities Law. Sydney: CCH Australia Ltd. Governance Institute of Australia, 2014. Good Governance Guide: Board Composition. s.l.:Governance Institute of Australia. Hughes, R., 2017. Explaining the Voluntary Administration Process. [Online] Available at: https://www.franchise.edu.au/home/topics/franchise-management-topics/explaining-the-voluntary-administration-process [Accessed 13 September 2017]. Quinlan, M., 2005. Corporate Insolvency and Restructuring. s.l.:Allens Arthur Robinson. Quinlan, M., 2017. What is insolvent trading?. [Online] Available at: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/782/what-is-insolvent-trading.aspx [Accessed 13 September 2017]. Resolute Lawyers Associates, 2014. Insolvency Laws Used to Eliminate Minority Shareholders. [Online] Available at: https://resolutelawyers.blogspot.co.ke/2014/06/insolvency-laws-used-to-eliminate.html [Accessed 13 September 2017]. Sutherland v Hanson Construction Materials Pty Ltd (2009) NSWSC. Williamson-Noble, J., Gordon, T. Tobin, G., 2015. Shareholder's rights in private and public companies in Australia. [Online] Available at: https://ca.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/2-611-6545?transitionType=DefaultcontextData=(sc.Default)__lrTS=20170613194830306firstPage=truebhcp=1 [Accessed 13 September 2017].

Seminar in helping Essay Example For Students

Seminar in helping Essay My perception to the social work filed is basicallythe problems that exist in our nation which need to be recognized more clearly than it is. A number of prominent individuals have been attacked or killed by people with a psychosis or other mental disorders. Violence and aggression displayed by the mentally ill is usually directed against partners or family members, rather than others. There is little evidence of an increasing number of violent acts made by patients with psychosis, but books suggests that patients with major mental disorders have an increased risk for committing such acts compared with the general population Fed by highly selected information in the mass media about their very rare contribution to one type of tragedy, homicide, the public, it has been said that unless people with a mental disorder are once more segregated, the streets will not be safe.Society that admits to uphold values such as the purity of life, equality, peace and non-violence can at the same time endorse capital punishment as a method of justice. Capital punishment is a barbaric practice that makes up a form of social injustice, especially since it does not even fulfill its alleged purpose of defending the interests of society. Executions have become rare among industrialized democracies. While a few countries do retain capital statues for dealing with extraordinary crimes suc h as treason, only Japan, parts of the former Soviet Union, and the United States still carry out death sentences for ordinary crimes of violence. Interestingly, even among those countries that still impose the death penalty, it appears that the United States stands in severe contrast to the international trend with capital punishment flourishing, accompanied by a corresponding wave of public support. The basic concerns of social welfare poverty, disability and disease, the dependent young and elderly are as old as civilized society itself. The means by which these concerns are addressed were once limited only by the laws of survival. Sharing another persons burden means weakening ones own standing in the struggle of daily existence. However, as societies evolved, the dependence between affiliates increased, so, as individuals became vulnerable, the society as a whole was affected, and systematic responses to disrupting factors were introduced. There have been recent studies that revealed the significance of parenting in the cross-generational transmission of aggressive or problem behavior up to three continuous generations. Stable evidence has long recognized and documented the negative effects of aggressive or harsh and inconsistent parenting and identified the need for interventions that would encourage better parenting skills. These results provide the direct link between the incidence of child abuse and the appearance of problem behaviors later in life. While child abuse occurs in all social, ethnic and income groups, it is most common among poor, under-educated and dysfunctional families and committed mostly by parents themselves who are young, unmarried or separated, lonely and coping with lifes stresses. My previous social work courses are relevant the social work profession in many ways, for instance human behavior I lean the concepts of hoe humans behave and why they behave the way that they do, social work with and for the aging will help me if I decide to work in the field with the elderly meaning, how to understand and cope with the elderly, Introduction to Social Work defined what social work was and what social workers do, and why they are so important. What made me become interested into social work does not have anything to do with the salary, there has been times in my life where others had helped me in my life and it seems like you can never thank them enough so I figured by paying it forward would be more than enough. .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f , .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .postImageUrl , .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f , .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f:hover , .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f:visited , .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f:active { border:0!important; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f:active , .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nutrition vs. sport performance EssayThe code of ethics is my personal commitment to my clients. The social work value that gives me the most difficulty is Encouraging individuals active participation in the helping relationship and to uphold their right to make their own decisions. This is the most difficult for me because Im trying to help my client make the right decisions in life, I cant do that if my client does not agree with my judgments, meaning if they want they could make the worst decision possible and all I can do is watch my client basically self- destruct themselves. My career goal is to be successful as possible for the sake of my daughter and I, to be able to be a good social worker to all of my clients, to be a positives role models to students and my co-workers.