Media Diary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media Diary - Essay Example The patterns aggregate and spread to people who at that point show various gatherings a similar pattern. This prompts a feeling of prominence with a given affiliation and the relationship that it holds to a primary association, permitting the focal territory to keep on developing as a result of the affiliations that have been utilized for systems administration and improvement. b. The idea of systems administration and developing with patterns and standards is one which is explicit to proficient affiliations that are working for municipal commitment in American popular government. Various affiliations will have a particular plan identified with political pioneers, rights, bills and different changes required in the public eye. The affiliations can take a particular issue and publicize this to society. As this is done, people can choose possibly in support of the pioneer, strategy or other issue from the affiliation. This permits the law based choices and patterns to come to fruition and to drive explicit issues into the focal point of legislative issues. Progressively significant, various sorts of affiliations can make various patterns and affiliations. Huge numbers of the affiliations will have a progressive structure dependent on the significance of the political commitment required. These will be pushed to make a particular pattern in the public eye and to change the manner by which many react to the given issue. This makes a feeling of city direction inside society and structures vote based issues and the degree of reactions and patterns which are seen among gatherings of people (Schofer, Gourinchas, 806). c. The hierarchical concerns which happen after some time happen due to the examples and changes inside society. Creators note that the progressions which become of concern depend on both the interior and outer condition. In the interior condition, there is a worry as a result of the worker elements and the assorted variety which is a piece of the work po wer. Distinctive social impacts, individual inclinations and comprehension of the association changes the elements of the working region and what happens inside the association. For most, this prompts the need to make an authoritative situation which can coordinate the requirements of people and gatherings. Increasingly significant, there is the need to make a feeling of changes to guarantee that there is authoritative development and which addresses the difficulties for rivalry and inside the commercial center. The progressions in authoritative concerns are facilitated by the cultural patterns which happen and which impact the examples in purchasing propensities. A business is essentially centered around giving items and administrations to clients. In any case, there are elements which change the achievement of this primary objective. This remembers changes for cultural requests, patterns and practices, political modifications, conviction frameworks by gatherings, commercials and r ivalry. There are likewise impacts inside the economy which changes the ubiquity of an organization. The patterns which are in the public eye at that point impact the examples of an organizations achievement and their capacity to push ahead with explicit modifications that can incorporate with the necessities of cultural patterns (Coplien, 43). d. The effect which is given from proficient associations and community commitment depends in transit in which each impacts the other. Proficient associations create with a particular reason or need to impact society in a given way. This is finished by giving data and by indicating the advantages or destructions

Stanford University 2017-2018 Short Answer Prompts Supplemental Essay Prompts

Stanford University is one of the most specific colleges in the US, conceding only 4.8% of candidates. The fantasy school for some understudies, here are for the most part the short answer prompts and supplemental articles youll need to reply so as to apply. Stanford University is situated close San Francisco in the core of California’s Silicon Valley. Near 45,000 understudies applied to Stanford a year ago, making the opposition very extreme. With balanced undergrad projects and assets, Stanford draws in numerous candidates with various foundation and intrigued, particularly the individuals who are keen on business enterprise and designing. Applying to Stanford University this year? Stanford’s application requires 8 extra short answers and 3 extra supplemental papers: Short Answer Prompts 1. The accompanying short answer prompts all have a 50 word limit. 2. What is the most noteworthy test that society faces today? 3. How could you spend your last two summers? 4. What chronicled second or occasion do you wish you could have seen? 5. What five words best portray you? 6. When the decision is yours, what do you perused, tune in to, or watch? 7. Name one thing you are anticipating encountering at Stanford. 8. Envision you had an additional hour in the day †how might you invest that energy? Supplemental Essay Prompts Exposition Prompt #1 The Stanford people group is profoundly inquisitive and headed to learn all through the homeroom. Consider a thought or experience that makes you really amped up for learning. (100 to 250 words) This paper brief is marginally unique in relation to the article brief that was given last application season. In spite of the fact that the brief changed somewhat, the exposition brief is as yet asking the candidates something very similar: what makes you mentally inquisitive. Look at a couple of fruitful Stanford exposition portions from articles remembered for the bundle beneath. Weve curated a bundle of 5 Stanford understudy profiles that incorporate the reaction to this particular article brief. Perceive how others moved toward this supplemental paper in full byunlocking the Stanford Supplement: Intellectual Vitality bundle! Exposition Prompt #2 For all intents and purposes all of Stanfords students live nearby. Compose a note to your future flat mate that uncovers something about you or that will help your roommateand usknow you better. (100 to 250 words) The Dear Roommate exposition! This paper brief stumps a ton of candidates since it appears to be so easygoing, yet can uncover such a great amount about a candidate. Its hard to find some kind of harmony: to flaunt who you are to a companion and to show your character to the genuine peruser, the confirmations office. Here are 5 flat mate supplemental selections that may assist you with getting off to the correct beginning. Need to peruse the supplemental article models in full? Open the Stanford Roommate Supplement bundle! Article Prompt #3 Inform us concerning something that is significant to you and why. (100 to 250 words) Once more, the Stanford supplement here has changed the wording of the enhancement, yet the center of the inquiry is as yet posing to something very similar. What is something that is significant to you? It very well may be a memory, a book, or even an inclination. Here are 5 fruitful models you can investigate atsome expounded on music, others expounded on what's on the horizon. Need more motivation for your supplemental expositions? Open our What Matters To You, and Why? Supplement bundle! Need access to effective instances of Stanford supplemental papers? Ourpremium plansoffer diverse degree of profile access and information experiences that can assist you with getting into your fantasy school. Open any of ourpackagesor search ourundergraduate profile databaseto discover explicit profiles that can assist you with settling on an educated decision about where to apply!

Witchcraft accusations, trials, and hysteria in border regions and rural areas in Western Europe

Black magic allegations, preliminaries, and mania in outskirt districts and provincial regions in Western Europe The sixteenth century was set apart by an extraordinary number of witch preliminaries in rustic territories and outskirt areas of Western Europe. This circumstance could be seen in England, Scotland, Germany, France, and other countries.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Witchcraft allegations, preliminaries, and madness in outskirt districts and rustic territories in Western Europe explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More, all things considered, this wonder can be ascribed to the accompanying elements: 1) official acknowledgment of black magic and the exercises of strict devotees who propelled the mistreatment of numerous individuals; 2) the generalizations and odd notions about ladies and their relations with heavenly powers; 3) destitution, wars, and strict disturbance. These are the primary issues that ought to be considered. From the start, one should make reference to that the strict specialists perceived the presence of witches. For example, it is conceivable to allude to the bull of Innocent VIII in which he allows nearby specialists the privilege to â€Å"do all things necessary† so as to battle with witches (Innocent VIII unpaged). Moreover, much consideration ought to be paid to the famous treatise Malleus Maleficarum which is otherwise called The Hammer of Witches. Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger, who were the creators of this content, promoted the possibility that numerous individuals could be the worker of â€Å"devils† (Kramer and Sprenger 41). Somewhat, this book added to the developing madness about witches, particularly in Germany. At last, it is basic to make reference to that the generalizations as per which ladies were bound to be to be enticed by the fallen angel (Verlet). They added to the exploitation of numerous ladies, particularly old maids and widows since they were generally weak (Verlet). These are a portion of the powers that expanded the dread of witches. Additionally, it is bas ic to recollect that black magic allegations were progressively far reaching in the regions that could be significantly influenced by wars and destitution (Lualdi 320). Somewhat, they strengthened people’s threatening vibe toward each other. Among such locales, one can recognize rustic zones of Scotland and Germany. Under such conditions, individuals were bound to utilize black magic allegations as a methods for getting riches. Thus, the most unprotected casualties could be widows and old maids. Therefore, one should concentrate on the financial parts of this phenomenon.Advertising Looking for exposition on history? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, witch preliminaries were progressively across the board in the nations where the impact of the Catholic Church was most vulnerable. Once more, one can talk about Germany or Switzerland. These states were generally significantly influenced by the Protestant Ref ormation. In addition, the job of Catholicism in Scotland or England was diminished in light of the fact that the administration didn't need the congregation to meddle into its arrangements (Hunt et al. 464). The fundamental issue is that the declining intensity of the Roman Catholicism offered ascend to individuals who could be seen as strict devotees. Besides, even strict pioneers of the Protestant Reformation, for example, Calvin and Luther endorsed of witch preliminaries (Ankerloo 11; Brady 626). Thus, the exercises of strict devotees were least controlled in provincial territories of these nations. This is another perspective that can be recognized. Subsequently, one can say that the black magic mania can be ascribed to a mix of various variables. Much consideration ought to be paid to the job of extremists who raised frenzy about black magic and demanded abuse of numerous blameless individuals. Also, destitution and war contributed the expanded number of black magic allegation s particularly in country or marginal districts. These are the primary factors that made witch chase conceivable in Western Europe. Ankerloo, Bengt. Black magic and Magic in Europe: The Period of the Witch Trials, New York: Continuum, 2002. Print. Brady, Thomas. Handbook of European History 1400 1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation, London: BRILL, 1994. Print. Chase, Lynn, Thomas Martin, Barbara Rosenwein, and Bonnie Smith. Creation of the West, Volume II: Since 1500: Peoples and Cultures, London: Bedford, 2012. Print. Honest VIII. Bull Summis Desiderantes. 5 Dec. 1484. Web. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/witches1.aspAdvertising We will compose a custom paper test on Witchcraft allegations, preliminaries, and craziness in fringe locales and country regions in Western Europe explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kramer, Heinrich and James Sprenger. The Malleus Maleficarum, New York, Book Tree, 2000. Print. Lualdi, Katharine. Wellsprings of The Making of the West, Volume II: Since 1500: Peoples and Cultures, London: Bedford, 2012. Print. Verlet, Melissa. The Witch Hysteria. 28 Sep. 2013. Web.

Christmas Day

Christmas is a Christian celebration. Jesus Christ, the originator of the Christian confidence, was conceived on 25 December. Thus the day is seen as the ‘Christmas Day' so as to honor Christ's introduction to the world. On the day, the Christians dress themselves vividly with a gay soul. They wish ‘Merry Christmas' to their companions and family members. They visit each other's home so as to trade great wishes. The Christians improve their homes on the event with the Christmas Tree which is an evergreen (fake) tree embellished with little electric bulbs and zari bands or other small bits of beautification like stunning paper stars, corridors and so forth cap add an ordinary bubbly mind-set to the event. They get ready Christmas pudding rich dull plum cakes which are eaten at Christmas. The Christians everywhere throughout the world excitedly praise the Christmas celebration. It is an incredible day additionally for the kids, who sing the tune, which is a Christmas psalm in theme in memory of Christ's introduction to the world. They intensely search for Santa Claus or the Father Christmas who should seem to convey alluring presents to the youngsters on the day.Santa Claus dressâ ­es himself in red and white, dons white and long bogus facial hair, and convey a pack brimming with presents for the kids. The shops, lodgings, places of worship, schools, universities all are improved with different sorts of hued paper blossoms or different plans, inflatables and lights on the Christmas day. The celebration is currently a-days saw as delighted in and commended additionally by different networks not as a strict conviction, yet as a merry event.

Exploring the continuity between heritage and nationalism Essay

Investigating the congruity among legacy and patriotism - Essay Example At the core of the idea of patriotism accordingly is the acknowledgment and depiction of this country and the formation of a distinguishing proof of its kin. This should be possible through the cultivating of national legacy. Legacy is a significant and basic expansion to the idea of national character and has developed at the same time with patriotism. The association among patriotism and legacy is obviously solid. The country is an idea worked by legacy. Countries will stop to exist without their national legacy. The Relationship among Nationalism and Heritage, characterized as â€Å"that which has been or might be inherited† (Howard, 2003, p. 6), created from a lot of ways of thinking and thoughts, which straightforwardly speak to ‘modernity’. The advanced period, as normally portrayed, every now and again upholds an Eurocentric perspective. eighteenth and nineteenth century Europe are viewed as the apex of innovation as secularism created during the Renaissanc e at long last converted into the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century, with its help for and trust in human objectivity. The possibility of European country state was framed inside this point of view (Howard, 2003, p. 6). Like the Renaissance, the Enlightenment is viewed as being described by its particular understanding of legacy. Thusly, the advanced period is described by the improvement of different records of patriotism as the â€Å"ideology of belongingness† (Corsane, 2005, p. 3) and essential part of approval in state-building process. As expressed by Woolf (Corsane, 2005, p. 3): National personality is a theoretical idea that summarizes the aggregate articulation of an abstract, singular feeling of having a place with a socio-political unit: the country state. Patriot talk accept not just that people structure some portion of a country (through language, blood, decision, habitation, or some other basis), yet that they relate to the regional unit of the country sta te. The character of a country is a viewpoint identified with its demeanor toward its national legacy. Fundamentally, national legacy is characterized as shared recollections of a general public stressing images, social items, verifiable encounters, and individuals which are seen as essentials for the presence of country (Labadi and Long, 2010, p. 39). The more segments, for example, images and social items that are coordinated into a unique gratefulness and acknowledgment of national legacy, the more grounded the idea of national personality and the more exceptional and submitted the patriotism of the network. In this manner, when the English valued their national legacy, especially their assorted English learned people and abstract prodigies, they demonstrated a solid and enthusiastic feeling of being‘English’ (Laurajane, 2006, p. 136). In addition, as indicated by Borelli and Lenzerini (2012), the endeavor of Eastern European people groups to reestablish their ninete enth century national legacy, with its attention on recognizing recorded occasions and past glories, is an ideal case of reinforcing the feeling of patriotism. In this representation of a country that is likewise the local soil of occupants who share social similitudes, legacy is the most significant device in the turn of events or building and subsequent development of a national personality. National legacy and patriotism advanced at the same time while the idea of ‘nation’

Book Riots Deals of the Day for July 21st, 2017

Book Riots Deals of the Day for July 21st, 2017 Book Riot Deals is  sponsored by Orbit: Todays Featured Deals How to Start a Fire by Lisa Lutz for $2.99. Get it here or just click the cover image below: Kindred by Octavia Butler for $1.99. Get it here or just click the cover image below: In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deal: The Fifth Season by N.K. Jemisin for $2.99. Get it here or just click the cover image below: Previous daily deals that are still active (as of this writing at least). Get em while theyre hot. The Passage  by Justin Cronin for $1.99. Night Film  by Marisha Pessl for $1.99. Shogun  by James Clavell for $1.99. The Notorious RGB  for $1.99. The Valley of Amazement  by Amy Tan for $1.99. The Girl with All the Gifts  by M.R. Carey for $1.99. Graceling  by Kristin Cashore for $1.99. The Rules of Civility  by Amor Towles for $3.99. Ayiti by Roxane Gay for $1.99 Dawn by Octavia E. Butler for $1.99. The Looking Glass War by John Le Carre for $1.99. The Complete Stories by Clarice Lispector for $1.99. Too Like the Lightning by Ada Palmer for $2.99. Mothers Sons by Colm Toibin for $1.99. The Birthday of the World and Other Stories by Ursula K. Le Guin for $1.99. Galileos Daughter by Dava Sobel for $1.99. Brown Girl, Dreaming by Jacqueline Woodson for $1.99. An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage for $1.99. Tell the Wolves Im Home by Carol Rifka Brunt for $1.99. Zen in the Art of Writing by Ray Bradbury for $1.99. After Henry by Joan Didion for $1.13. The Song of Achilles by Madeline Miller for $1.99. The Toughest Indian in the World by Sherman Alexie for $1.99. The Last Samurai  by Helen DeWitt for $1.99. The Last Policeman  by Ben H. Winters for $1.99. Notes of a Native Son  by James Baldwin for $1.99. Labyrinths  by Jose Luis Borges for $1.99. All the Birds in the Sky  by Charlie Jane Anders for $2.99. A Study in Scarlet Women  by Sherry Thomas for $1.99.. The Inexplicable Logic of My Life  by Benjamin Alire Sáenz for $2.99. We, The Drowned  by Carsten Jenson for $2.99 Big Fish  by Daniel Wallace for $1.99. The Terracotta Bride  by Zen Cho for $1.40. The Geek Feminist Revolution  by Kameron Hurley for $2.99. The Girl at Midnight  by Melissa Grey for $1.99. Cloudsplitter  by Russell Banks for $1.99. Queenpin  by Megan Abbott for $0.99. The Good Lord Bird  by James McBride for $4.99. The Comet Seekers by Helen Sedgwick for $2.99 Frog Music by Emma Donoghue for $1.99 Bitch Planet, Vol 1 for $3.99. Monstress, Vol 1 by Liu Takeda for $3.99 Paper Girls, Vol 1. by Vaughn, Chiang, Wilson for $3.99. Labyrinth Lost by Zoraida Cordova for $1.99 The Wicked + The Divine Volume 1  for $3.99 The Inheritance Trilogy by N.K. Jemisin for $9.99 The Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith for $0.99 We Should All Be Feminists by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie for $2.99 Sign up for our Book Deals newsletter and get up to 80% off books you actually want to read.

Meme Concept in Communication - Free Essay Example

Outstanding technological shifts have characterized the last three decades. They have transformed the world. One of the most significant technological advancement was the foundation of the internet, a system that fundamentally modified human interaction. The development of the internet made it simpler for people to interact with another and the widespread adoption of the internet additionally revolutionized human communication. One far-reaching and prevalent culture that has developed as a result of easier communication is the use of memes. A meme is a conception, technique or custom that escalates from one person to another with the purpose of sending a particular meaning or idea represented by the meme. The spread of memes has significantly shaped how people communicate, and they have played a fundamental role in advancing the contemporary digital culture. Memes provide a compelling new way of blending a few things such as art, creativity, humor and the intended message. One of the central ideas used in the development of memes is the use of symbolism. According to Porter, symbolism points to the use of figures to pass an opinion from one person to the other (Porter 2013). Modern memes have attained unproportioned success, and this is a factor attributed to the ability of the individual memes to use symbols that people in the digital culture can relate to something else. A case in point, the United States government, back rolled an internet privacy legislation established by the Obama administration and the United States population took to the internet to express their disappointment (K. a. Bajpai 2017). Smeagol or Gollum was one of the characters used in the viral memes. He is an infamous character in the film Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit. The meme is captioned Your Browsing History We Needsss It mimicking how Smagol talks, but there is a deeper meaning to this particular meme. The person behind the creation of this meme would have used any other character, but they chose to use Smagol who is an essential figure in the digital culture as he helps to convey specific ideas. In the film The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit Smeagol is portrayed as destructive and contemptuous in that he tries to eat Bilbo a fellow hobbit only since he needs something to eat and raw fish are entirely his everyday meal (Chen 2012). This is an idea that is conveyed in the meme relating to internet privacy. The law that was reverted prevented internet providers from selling a persons internet history and cookies to third parties. By regressing this bill, Congress and the internet service providers showed nothing but contempt for their subscribers, as they disregard the importance of internet privacy to their consumers. Internet service providers pushed for reconsideration of the initially instituted law preventing the sale of a persons internet browsing history to third parties. Co ngress decided to roll back the bill to the previous legislation, and the internet community chose to use Smeagol to highlight the disdainful nature of internet service providing companies in America. A different meme that was used to highlight discontent among the American digital users was captioned Tracking my cookies? They will never receive my recipe! This particular meme is very detailed in the use of symbolism and humor to convey a specific message. Internet users would not want their browsing history to be sold to third parties without their consent. Numerous approaches can be employed to attain this aim, and one of the ways that ensure that an individuals browsing history is not recorded is by browsing the internet in incognito mode (Horsman 2017). By browsing in incognito mode, a person has their true identity concealed, and this makes it harder for internet providing organizations to track an individuals online activity (K. a. Bajpai 2017). This meme uses an old woman who has a problem with her eyesight to highlight how internet users intend to complicate the acquisition of a persons browsing history by using their cookies. The meme uses humor to spread the idea that ev en though internet service providers treat their consumers with contempt, they are prepared to employ an array of approaches that will frustrate the proposed changes. Some similarities can be drawn from these two memes, and one of the shared similarity is that they use images to ease information sharing, and the pictures used have a distinct theme which is buttressed by the use of short sentences. In the first meme, Smeagol is used to portray the subject of contempt of Congress and internet service providers. The second meme advances the theme of resistance against approaches employed by internet service providers to acquire the browsing history of their clients without their consent and the sell it to third parties. These two themes highlight that even though the government and internet service providers have disregarded their consumers with the introduction the new law, internet users are resolved to frustrate their efforts by not providing any browsing history and this is achievable by browsing the internet in disguised mode. These two memes present cultural symbols, social ideas and they are captioned with photos that are intended to be funny as a way of ridiculing human behavior. In conclusion, it is manifest that one sweeping culture that has emerged as a result of easier communication is the use of memes. A meme is a creative suggestion, behavior or practice that spreads from one person to another with the aim of sending a particular meaning or purpose portrayed by the meme. Based on the two examples highlighted in this case it is manifest that memes provide a powerful, and innovative way of combining a few things such as art, creativity, humor to convey a specific message. The success of memes in expressing particular ideas can be used by different enterprises such as businesses to market new products as they tend to be cheaper and they can reach a large group of people in a short of time due to their virality. Nonetheless, research needs to be conducted to empirically establish the possibility of using memes to promote a new product and the success rate of memes as a marketing alternative. Based on the above discussion, it is clear that the spread of mem es has significantly shaped how people interact, and they have performed a fundamental role in developing the modern digital culture. Bibliography Bajpai, Kartikeya and Klaus Weber. 2017. Privacy in public: Translating the category of privacy to the digital age. In? From Categories to Categorization: Studies in Sociology, Organizations and Strategy at the Crossroads. In Privacy in public: Translating the category of privacy to the digital age. In? From Categories to Categorization: Studies in Sociology, Organizations and Strategy at the Crossroads, by Kartikeya and Klaus Weber Bajpai, 223-258. Emerald Publishing Limited. Bajpai, Kartikeya, and Klaus Weber. 2017. . Privacy in public: Translating the category of privacy to the digital age. In? From Categories to Categorization: Studies in Sociology, Organizations and Strategy at the Crossroads. In . Privacy in public: Translating the category of privacy to the digital age. In? From Categories to Categorization: Studies in Sociology, Organizations and Strategy at the Crossroads, by Kartikeya, and Klaus Weber Bajpai, 223-258. Emerald Publishing Limited. Chen, Carl. 2012. The creation and meaning of internet memes in 4chan: Popular internet culture in the age of online digital reproduction. Accessed December 1, 2017. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cdfe/5d41d45a2453d8177e87a2a766068535ee12.pdf. Horsman, Graeme. 2017. A process-level analysis of private browsing behavior: A focus on Google Chromes Incognito mode. May 4. Accessed December 1, 2017. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7916513/?reload=true. Porter, David. 2013. Internet culture. Routledge.

Who Were the Caliphs

A caliph is a religious leader in Islam, believed to be the successor to the Prophet Muhammad. The caliph is the head of the ummah, or the community of the faithful. Over time, the caliphate became a religiopolitical position, in which the caliph ruled over the Muslim empire. The word caliph comes from the Arabic khalifah, meaning substitute or successor. Thus, the caliph succeeds the Prophet Muhammad as the leader of the faithful. Some scholars argue that in this usage,  khalifah  is closer in meaning to representative — that is, the caliphs werent really substituted for the Prophet but merely represented Muhammad during their time on earth. Contention of The First Caliphate The original schism between Sunni and Shia Muslims occurred after the Prophet died, because of a disagreement over who should be the caliph. Those who became the Sunnis believed that any worthy follower of Muhammad could be caliph and they backed the candidacies of Muhammads companion, Abu Bakr, and then of Umar when Abu Bakr died. The early Shia, on the other hand, believed that the caliph should be a close relative of Muhammad. They preferred the Prophets son-in-law and cousin, Ali. After Ali was assassinated, his rival Mu-waiyah established the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus, which went on to conquer an empire stretching from Spain and Portugal in the west through North Africa and the Middle East to Central Asia in the east. The Umayyads ruled from 661 to 750, when they were overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphs. This tradition continued well into the next century. Conflict Over Time and The Last Caliphate From their capital at Baghdad, the Abbasid caliphs ruled from 750 to 1258, when the Mongol armies under Hulagu Khan sacked Baghdad and executed the caliph. In 1261, the Abbasids regrouped in Egypt and continued to exert religious authority over the Muslim faithful of the world until 1519. At that time, the Ottoman Empire conquered Egypt and moved the caliphate to the Ottoman capital at Constantinople. This removal of the caliphate from the Arab homelands to Turkey outraged some Muslims at the time and continues to rankle with some fundamentalist groups to this day. The caliphs continued as heads of the Muslim world — though not universally recognized as such, of course — until  Mustafa Kemal Ataturk abolished the caliphate in 1924. Although this move by the newly secular Republic of Turkey sparked an outcry among other Muslims around the world, no new caliphate has ever been recognized. Dangerous Caliphates of Today Today, the terrorist organization ISIS (the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) has declared a new caliphate in the territories it controls. This caliphate is not recognized by other nations, but the would-be caliph of ISIS-ruled lands is the organizations leader, al-Baghdadi. ISIS currently wants to revive the caliphate in the lands that once were the home of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates. Unlike some of the Ottoman caliphs, al-Baghdadi is a documented member of the Quraysh clan, which was the Prophet Muhammads clan. This gives al-Baghdadi legitimacy as a caliph in the eyes of some Islamic fundamentalists, despite the fact that most Sunnis historically did not require a blood relationship to the Prophet in their candidates for the caliph.

Brave New World By Aldous Huxley - 1518 Words

Giles 1 Attie Giles Lorna Martin AP English August 24, 2016 Brave New World Brave New World by Aldous Huxley is a very graphic novel that exemplifies the problems of modern society with a fictional setting that dates far into the future. However, the one feeling that Huxley describes most is the feeling of complete loneliness, even when surrounded by the very materialistic desires that were created for complete joy. This story revolves around one character in particular that portrays the theme of self loathing loneliness the most, and that is John â€Å"the Savage†. John is a mistake of creation, born from two elitist parents from London whose civilization prohibits the natural occurrence of pregnancy. John’s mother thought dead after she was†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœWhy wouldn’t they let me be the sacrifice? I’d have gone round ten times - twelve, fifteen. Palowithiwa only got as far as Giles 2 seven. They could have had twice as much blood from me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (117). That is a line from John that emphasizes the desire that John has to prove his worth to his fellow companions who ostracize him because of his appearance. Bernard Marx and Lenina Crowne are lovers from London vacationing in New Mexico. They visit this same Indian Reservation that John resides. Bernard and Lenina are both frightened by the disgust of the lifestyle of this reservation, but during one of the ceremonial rituals they meet John and hear his story on how a caucasian man was born in this society. Soon after hearing this story Bernard realizes that John’s father is none other than his boss from London, who vacationed at this same reservation with John’s mother. Intrigued by this discovery Bernard takes John and his mother away from the Reservation to London as a showcase to world. When they returned to London John’s father is shamed by the fact he has a son, as it is str ictly prohibited to have any natural conception. As John is introduced into this strange new society, he is greatly confused by the culture and customs that are so polar opposite from what he knew. John is quickly given the name â€Å"Savage† and observed like a zoo animal. They require John to stay in London as an experiment to see how an uncivilized being

Privacy Preserving Data Of Data Essay - 7893 Words

1. INTRODUCTION Data in its original shape contains sensitive information about individuals, and publishing such data will breach individual privacy. The recent practice in data publishing relies mainly on rules and guidelines as to what kinds of data can be published and on agreements on the use of published data. This approach may lead to extreme data distortion or inadequate protection. Privacy-preserving data publishing provides methods and tools for publishing useful information and also for preserving data privacy. Privacy-preserving data publishing was intended to construct published tables in a way that allows systematic tasks (e.g., aggregate query answering, data mining) over the published data and also for protecting the privacy of individual’s data. Privacy-preserving data mining refers to the area of data mining that seeks to preserve the sensitive information from unsolicited or unendorsed disclo ¬sure. The major objective of privacy preserving data mining is t o construct the algorithms for modifying the original data in various ways, so that the confidential data and knowledge remain confidential even after the mining process. Data anonymization is the process of obscuring published data to prevent the identification of the key information. There are two approaches known as generalization and suppression used in the anonymization process. Generalization is the process of replacing less specific value with the higher value. SuppressionShow MoreRelatedThe Privacy Preserving Data Mining1046 Words   |  5 Pagesthree main components the mediator, customer and a group of data service providers. Previously there is no interaction between the customer and the data provider. And when the client sends a query, the mediator forwards the information to all data holders and via exchange of the acknowledgements, the mediator generates the connection with the data providers[4]. There are various techniques suggested in the area of the Privacy Preserving Data Mining but one exceed over the other on the basis of differentRead MoreTechniques For Privacy Preserving Data Mining Essay958 Words   |  4 PagesTechniques for privacy preserving data mining Introduction Data mining techniques provide good results only if input data is accurate. But data collected from users are often inaccurate.Users may deliberately enter inaccurate information if they are asked to provide personal information because of their worry that information may be misused by organisation to harass them. So we need to find data mining techniques that encourages the user to provide accurate information by ensuring them that data miningRead MorePrivacy Preserving Data Mining : Database Security And Privacy2788 Words   |  12 Pages Privacy Preserving Data Mining Database Security and Privacy Jing Wang 250711908 Abstract In recent years, privacy preserving data mining has become a hotspot in data mining. Today, the field of privacy has seen rapid advances in recent years because of the increase in the ability to store data. In particular, recent advances in the data mining field have led to increasing concerns about privacy. However, with the development of technologies, the emerging applications result in an accumulationRead MorePrivacy Preservation Of The Field Of Data Mining1525 Words   |  7 PagesData Mining is an analytic process designed to explore data (usually large amounts of data - typically business or market related - also known as big data) in search of consistent patterns and systematic relationships between variables, and then to validate the findings by applying the detected patterns to new subsets of data. In recent years, with the tremendous development in the internet, data storage and processing technologies, privacy and security has become our major concerns in the fieldRead MoreInstalling A Secure Clustering Protocol1342 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract— the data aggregation is mostly used energy efficient mechanism in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Preserving data security is a challenging problem in wireless sensor networks. Because of the resource characteristic, security privacy issues there in assume critical investigation. Many aspects of investigation, one has been the design of a secure clustering protocol in which a sensed data or information to be delivered to an appropriate receiver securely and efficiently with least amountRead MoreFuture Privacy Of Information Technologies1303 Words   |  6 PagesFuture Privacy of Information Technologies to Protect Personal Data In a modern life, from the minute a person is born, a digital record is created. From that point on, the individual’s behavior is regularly tracked and information are collected about the typical parts of the person life such as when government collect data about our health, education and income, we hope that the data are used in good way. However, we always have concerned about our privacy. Liina Kamm did her research on the InformationRead MoreThe Time-consuming Task of Preparing a Data Set for Analysis in Data Mining1846 Words   |  7 PagesPreparing a data set for analysis in data mining is a more time consuming task. For preparing a data set it requires more complex SQL quires, joining tables and aggregating columns. Existing SQL aggregations have some limitations to prepare data sets because they return one column per aggregated group. In general, significant manual efforts are required to build data sets, where a horizontal layout is required. Also many data mining a pplications deal with privacy for many sensitive data. ThereforeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Prisense Protocol1653 Words   |  7 PagesISSUES PriSense: Privacy-Preserving Data Aggregation The Prisense Protocol [4] provides a novel solution to privacy-preserving data aggregation in people-centric urban sensing systems. PriSense is builds the concept of data slicing and mixing and can support a wide range of statistical additive and non-additive aggregation functions like as Variance, Sum, Count, Average, Median, Max/Min, Histogram, and gives accurate aggregation results. PriSense also can support strong user privacy against a tuneableRead MoreEvaluation Of A Project On The Server s Response Essay1254 Words   |  6 Pagesuser’s data content no matter how many linear combinations of the same set of file blocks can be collected. To maintain resourceful handling of various auditing tasks we further look at the technique of bilinear aggregate signature to extend our chief result into a multi-user setting where TPA can do various auditing tasks instantaneously. Advantages: Storage accuracy to make persuaded that there endures no corrupt cloud server that can pass the TPA’s audit without certainly storing user’s data integralRead MoreDecision-Learning Algorithm Research Paper1264 Words   |  6 Pagesdatabases while preserving the privacy of the information that is stored in each database [3, Page1]. This paper proposes an algorithm (a privacy preserving enhancement of ID3: ID3 Ï ­) [3, Page8]. We have two parties; party P1 with data base D1 and part2 with data base D2. P1 view is given by D1 and ID3 Ï ­ (D1 U D2) and P2 view is given by D2 and ID3 Ï ­ (D1 U D2). The majority of the computations is performed independently on the individual databases, thus, minimizing the amount of data sent via communication

World War I Was An Atrocious Experience For All Involved

World War I was an atrocious experience for all involved. No one involved in this global conflict was left insusceptible to its effects. Due to the magnitude of devastation and loss of life caused by World War I, it went down in history as one of the vilest wars ever to be fought. It was a brutal war from 1914-1918 which affected all of Europe and the outlying areas. The military conflict that began the World War I started as a local European war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. It was transformed into a general European struggle by declaration of war against Russia on August 1, 1914 and eventually became a global war involving thirty-two nations. Twenty-eight of these nations, known as the Allies and the Associated Powers, whose major belligerents included Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States, opposed the coalition known as the Central Powers, which consisted of Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire (Williamson and Van Wyk 2003). The immediate cause of the war between Austria - Hungary and Serbia was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on June 28, 1914, at Sarajevo in Bosnia by a Serb nationalist name Gavrilo Princip. In the eyes of many Americans, the World War I had nothing to do with the United States. Most Americans preferred remaining out of the conflict. President Woodrow Wilson publicly and formally stated that the United States would follow a strict â€Å"Policy of Neutrality† other than providing material assistance toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Elizabeth Wein And The Holocaust And World War II1400 Words   |  6 Pagesplace in history was actually like? Explain using examples from the book. Before reading Code Name Verity by Elizabeth Wein, I was interested in the Holocaust and World War II which set me on the path to attempt to find this book. I knew fairly enough but the entire time period was intriguing. Thus, I picked this book up and set myself through the experiences of Julia Lindsay MacKenzie Wallace Beaufort-Stuart (whose code name Verity) and her very dear best friend Maddie Brodatt. I came away from theRead MoreWwi Essay : World Literature1663 Words   |  7 PagesDixin Ding Ms. Solder World Literature Period 4 12 February 2017 WWI Synthesis Essay â€Å"Love is like war...easy to start, difficult to end, and impossible to forget† (Unknown). With a half century of peace among nations, people were deemed unfit to comprehend the devastating reality behind war. With recent campaigns being brief and victorious, individuals believed this war would be nothing short of the same. Hence, the buzz surrounding the beginning of the war was undeniable, from theRead MoreCulture And Culture Of Ireland1451 Words   |  6 Pagesfive characteristics of culture. The first section will cover the history of Ireland to illustrate the connection of a country’s struggle and their learned culture. I will attempt to communicate some of the key aspects that connect an individual culture to the region of the world it inhabits in the second section. In the third section, I will discuss the language and art of the land will be discussed to draw lines to the symbols a culture is founded upon. The fourth section of the essay is dedicatedRead MoreA Random Sample Of Students From A University906 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause it is rare they experience evidence to the contrary (Dalton Lecture: Sept. 28). To study this issue, I would conduct an experiment with a random sample of students from a university. The students would be randomly assigned into one of two comparison groups: the control group or the experimental group (Pg. 116-117). The students in the experimental group would be asked to perform a number of cellphone related tasks while in a simulated driving video game that involved unexpected driving occurrencesRead MoreBias And Perception Of Bias1486 Words   |  6 Pages It is said that conservatives have a greater negative bias than liberals. Negativity bias is a cognitive bias that puts more attention and importance on negative experiences and information. A bias is defined as a tendency to perceive things in a distorted manner that alters our way of thinking. Negativity bias makes negative information impact behavior and perception more than positive information. An example of this would be if you have negativity bias and meet a new person with many positiveRead MoreSlaughterhouse Five Essay exam ple1842 Words   |  8 Pagesviewers eternally, war is senseless killing. The participants of war that are ‘fortunate’ enough to survive become emotionally distraught civilians. Regardless of the age of the people entering war, unless one obtains the mental capacity to witness numerous deaths and stay unaffected, he or she is not equipped to enter war. Kurt Vonnegut portrays the horrors of war in Slaughterhouse Five, through the utilization of satire, symbolism, and imagery. The main occurrence in the novel was the nonsensicalRead MoreEffects of Violent Media on the Youth Essay1700 Words   |  7 PagesCreed, and Halo are extremely violent, depicting war, blood, and gore very nonchalantly. The television channel FX constantly shows movies such as the latest Batman trilogy which includes violent depictions of beatings, graphic shootings, dozens of explosions, neck snapping and back breaking, along with chokings, hand to hand combats, and dead bodies. These portrayals are detailed, but little blood is shown. While violence is not a new thing to the world, it is a problem that is skyrocketing in correlationRead More Comparing All Quiet On The Western Front, The Wars, and A Farewell To Arms2887 Words   |  12 PagesAll Quiet On The Western Front, The Wars, and A Farewell To Arms Any and all events in ones life may change a person profoundly, but the effect may not always be as expected. For instance, situations of despair may cause feelings of depression and uncertainty to develop in an individual, as would likely be expected. However, those same situations could ultimately lead to a sense of fulfilment or enlightenment. In the novels All Quiet On The Western Front by Erich Remarque, The Wars by TimothyRead More Medical Research and Dependent People Essay3346 Words   |  14 Pagesare subjects in research projects to which they cannot consent and from which they cannot benefit? This topic was much discussed in the United States about twenty-five years ago, but has recently reemerged in the discussion of the European Convention on bioethics and through current discussion in the medical literature of the kinds of consent and experiments appropriate in the Third World. I summarize the U.S. discussion and solution, present the current European discussion, and c onclude with a proposalRead More Stop-Loss Policy Essay2517 Words   |  11 PagesStop-Loss Policy War has been around since the beginning of time. People have been asked to defend for their country and to die for their cause. But is the war that America is currently involved in, one of the times where people should be forced to die and stay overseas. The men and women who volunteered to fight for the country they love, are not being forced to stay longer then the original time they were supposed to stay, all thanks to President Bush’s â€Å"stop-loss policy† otherwise known as

Reform In Britain During The 1800s History Essay Free Essays

The call for reform in Britain during the 1800 ‘s was common with measure after measure turn toing issues such as working conditions, instruction and faith each going a subject of argument. The most of import of the reforms nevertheless were the legislative reform that began with the 1832 reform measure and was continued in 1867 and beyond. These first two measures nevertheless are the most important of the statute law passed during the century. We will write a custom essay sample on Reform In Britain During The 1800s History Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was the 1832 Reform Act though that was the defining minute in British parliamentary History. It was the first major restructuring of the electoral system in over five hundred old ages, and as a consequence it is justified to name it a momentous event. Whether or non the Reform Act of 1832 was ‘great ‘ as it has been labeled or is slightly lesser in significance is a good inquiry. It could be stated that reform acts that followed accomplished more and affected a wider sector of the population than the original measure. The Reform Act of 1867 tantrums in to this class, it reached out to more people than the original act and as Gertrude Himmelfarb says, it was the â€Å" aˆÂ ¦act that transformed England into a democracy. †[ 1 ] However one reads that statement, there has to be a starting point and it is difficult to conceive of parliament doing such wide-ranging alterations like affranchising the working category in 1867 if non for the in-between category holding already been enfranchised at some earlier clip. Francis Herrick therefore, is a bit more accurate when he wrote that the â€Å" Reform Bill of 1867 is by and large considered as the 2nd measure in the long procedure which peacefully transformed the British authorities into a functioning democracy. †[ 2 ] Reform took about a century to finish, it did n’t go on overnight. No 1 in 1832 idea that the advancement they had made was traveling to be the terminal of the route. Ellis A. Wasson makes this clear by stating â€Å" †¦ conclusiveness was non their purpose, † they went from utilizing the nose count of 1820 to that of 1830 to apportion seats while they were revising the measure because they â€Å" tacitly admitted their ‘s could merely be a impermanent step. †[ 3 ]Herrick makes a good point when he says that 18th century British reform is a â€Å" aˆÂ ¦story of the transportation of political power from an nobility to a in-between category, and from the in-between category to the people. †[ 4 ]Therefore, the history of reform in Britain is, and it ‘s most of import minute has to be, the act of 1832 when the first measure was accomplished by reassigning power to the in-between category. The Reform Act, for that ground, is of great effe ct non merely for what it achieved but besides because it set in motion.A Prior to the 1832 act, parliament was under the control of the aristocracy and the landed elite in both the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Those who sat there were representatives of the privileged along with being distinguished landholders. These work forces were besides leaders in about every facet of British society. It can be argued that any sort of reform would be damaging to the domination the land-owning nobility held and it would look that these work forces would non vote for a measure that would cut down their power but, this â€Å" landed elite dominated the establishments which passed the parliamentary reform Acts of the Apostless of 1832 and 1867. †[ 5 ] One ground for their recognition of reform was that they saw problem looming in the skyline if there was non some kind of alteration was n’t made. Encouraged by what they saw as a successful revolution in France, the people of Britain became resolute in their privation for a more representative authorities. The instance could be made that outside parliamentary force per unit area to consequence reform was inspired by the in-between category along with a really convincing concern of a on the job category rebellion. This outside force per unit area could come in many signifiers with the most popular being some type of presentation. Therefore, it is difficult to visualize the Reform Act being passed on its ain agreement and the curates merely had to look at the Catholic Emancipation of 1829, which saw widespread perturbation prior to its passing. After the 2nd reading of the Reform Bill was rejected there were public violences that took topographic point in Bristol every bit good as serious perturbations at Derby and Nottingham, and a roseola of less alarming presentations in other topographic points.[ 6 ] After two unsuccessfully efforts, the Reform Act was passed by the Commons and sent to the Lords on 26 March 1832 but non without another signifier of play. The Whig cabinet threatened to walk out if the male monarch did non demo his support for reform by naming 50 extra equals. When he did n’t, Lord Grey resigned. Undeterred, the male monarch made an attempt to put up a Tory disposal that advocated a more moderate reform by reappointing Wellington to make a new authorities. This experiment did non hold the expected consequences and Wellington, recognizing that he could non sit a Front Bench of protagonists, ended his effort to take office. Having no other option, the male monarch sent for Grey who retook his station and rapidly moved to present another measure. Equally shortly as he was made cognizant that the King ‘s had come to an understanding with Grey and his Whig demands, Lord Althorp was reported to hold said: â€Å" It completes the revolution. †[ 7 ] Again, the Reform Act was the starting point of this revolution but its impact on future reform can non be understated. Talking to the House of Commons on February 28, 1859, Benjamin Disraeli makes mention to its impact by stating that â€Å" If we judge of the Act of 1832 by its effects†¦ it must be admitted that that policy was equal to the exigency it controlled and directed. †[ 8 ]There was no great public call for reform in 1867 and what small there was had no existent organisation behind it. What small call for alteration there was out at that place was non concentrated on any individual step for political reform.[ 9 ]Furthermore, the issue of reform played small portion in the election of 1865, which indicated a general satisfaction with the bing state of affairs.[ 10 ]Seven old ages after Disraeli ‘s address on March 12, 1866, William Gladstone made similar mention to 1832 while presenting his measure when he said â€Å" It may be said, and said really genu inely that at the clip there was a political heat and exhilaration, and a grade of apprehensiveness which do non now existaˆÂ ¦ †[ 11 ] The rudimentss of the Reform Act of 1832 were that it enfranchised the in-between category. This meant that they could form as a political force. Power had been passed from the little figure of elect whose ascendants had entitled them to a more commercially minded, progressive base and broke the old landholders ‘ clasp on power. If Nelson ‘s triumph at Trafalgar saved Britain from Gallic invasion and is considered a decisive event of the 19th century, so the reform act should be considered merely as worthy since it saved Britain from violent revolution from within. Phillips and Wetherell repeat an article in a 1836 issue of the Westminster Review that sang the congratulations for the measure by stating â€Å" The passing of the Reform Bill was our pickings of the Bastille ; it was the first act of our great political alteration. †[ 12 ] Phillips and Wetherell offer inside informations to the consequence the original measure. Prior to passage of the measure, the people entitled to vote is difficult to gauge because there was no signifier of enrollment â€Å" but the best-informed estimations suggest that instantly before the Reform Bill more than 400,000 Englishmans held a franchise of some kind. †[ 13 ]This figure comes out of a population in the England and Wales that was estimated to be merely about 14 million at the 1831 nose count.[ 14 ]The public permitted to vote so, represents merely 2.86 per centum of the population in 1831. In its concluding signifier nevertheless, the Great Reform Act â€Å" expanded the entire electorate in surplus of 650, 000, † which is an accurate sum â€Å" because of the infliction of a national system of enrollment. †[ 15 ]The addition of 250,000 new constituency members seems little out of the entire population but represented a 62.5 per centum addition in the figure of electors. Without uncertainty, the Reform Act of 1867 permitted more electors. The 1861 nose count shows merely over 20 million people lived in England and Wales which is an addition of four million people in 30 old ages. The Reform Act passed six old ages subsequently â€Å" added 938,427 new electors to the axial rotation, more than four times the figure enfranchised in 1832. †[ 16 ]It is difficult to accept as true that parliament in 1867 would hold been in favour of a measure that enfranchised the in-between category and the on the job category at the same clip which would hold been the instance if there was no 1832 Act. Without it, there would hold been an addition of over one and a half million new electors in a individual act of parliament. Whatever the addition in electors was, it was the figure of seats in the authorities that should be considered of import and here is where the Act of 1832 made a bigger impact. Prior to 1832, the landed nobility controlled Parliament, along with â€Å" icky boroughs, † parliamentary communities that had decreased in size but still elected members to the House of Commons. The reform measure did off with those icky boroughs as â€Å" rightists in Parliament advocated the riddance of rotten constituencies and the transportation of their seats to the more healthy county constituencies. †[ 17 ]It caused 56 boroughs to be wholly disfranchised. It besides included 31 extra boroughs that had less than four-thousand dwellers ended up losing one of their two M.P.s.[ 18 ]The entire figure of seats affected in 1832 so, was 143, a considerable sum more than in 1867 where the figure was 52 boroughs. This displacement in seats in 1832 efficaciously ended the blue monopoly on authorities and if one wanted to keep it, he would hold to depend on the support of the in-between category. The Act of 1867 did nil to change this as the representation ratio remained virtually the same as it had been with the 1832 act. Herrick considers this place and comes up with an effectual manner of thought by stating â€Å" In other words, the boroughs, where the new voters were most legion, were given a slightly smaller portion of the representation in parliament, and the counties, where a much smaller figure were enfranchised, received a larger portion.[ 19 ] The Reform Act of 1832 enfranchised homeowners who paid a annual rent of at least 10 lbs. That meant that about half of the in-between category and all of the working category malice of everything were still without a ballot. This was acceptable to the Whigs, who felt that those entitled to vote should be expected to utilize that privilege in an informed and responsible manner.[ 20 ] Seen from a current point of position, 1832 can be seen as an imperative gateway to a full representative parliamentary democracy. Subsequent reform was to follow and it would spread out the ballot to adult male homeowners in 1867 and produced blue-collar bulks in a batch of urban communities. The Third Reform Act of 1884 extended the franchise even further passing the ballot to mineworkers and many farm labourers. Wasson explains that â€Å" although it has been argued that the 1832 act had no necessary wake, † one can see â€Å" clearly the importance of the impact of reform on the relationship between members of Parliament and their components. †[ 21 ]He goes on to explicate how â€Å" The decisive minute in blue resignation came with the first measure and non with the 2nd. † There is no uncertainty that future steps were bound to go on and there can be no inquiry that their success be would come as a consequence of the first Act. Neither the Acts of 1832 or 1867 were perfect, there were issues with both, while the 1832 act was a beginning, 1867 was supposed to repair the issues left by the earlier act. The 1867 Reform Act contained unjust characteristics of its ain. The existent consequence of this inequality is evident when the re-distribution clauses are considered.[ 22 ]The unequal redistribution of seats in 1867 in malice of everything left citizens in the Midlands, London and countries of the North without adequate power to talk for them in Parliament. The unequal allotment of seats still favored the landowning categories who were able to pull strings the representation of the smaller borough seats. The old ages before and after the Great Reform Act of 1832 were critical minutes in the patterned advance of Britain accomplishing societal equality. This alteration was started with the motion to establish the rights of spiritual minorities. Soon, nevertheless, governmental reform took on a life of its ain and led to a cardinal interruption down in the constitutional order of Britain. However, such extremist steps as undertaken by parliament at the clip, were able to rectify most of the jobs and electoral corruptness would be eliminated and pureness and virtuousness restored to the full electoral procedure.[ 23 ] The Reform Act of 1832 deserves to be classified as great for a smattering grounds. The chief purpose of its blue Godheads was to free the representative system of untenable characteristics, and to bring forth a better representation in the House of Commons of the belongings and intelligence of the state.[ 24 ]With this accomplished, it reduced of the figure of nomination boroughs conveying about a new footing of order in political relations. The reform reshaped the political landscape accidentally ; it introduced a new political system by by chance changing the relationship between elections, electors, and the parliamentary parties.[ 25 ] The Reform Act may be seen as the terminal of the old order. However, its illustriousness is in the fact that it was done with future reform in head and it was done instead peacefully. The dominant nobility, still in control of the State, had acted, in some respects against its ain sectional involvements, to reform the Constitution by Act of Parliament, without revolution or civil war.[ 26 ]The measure did non stop nobility but it was â€Å" the first and most of import measure in the nobility ‘s supplanting. †[ 27 ]Future reform including the Act of 1867 was of import but there is no uncertainty that â€Å" The decisive minute in blue resignation came with the first measure and non with the 2nd. Subsequent steps may non hold been inevitable, but they were made possible. †[ 28 ] While non all inclusive, the Great Reform Act started Britain on the route to a better signifier of authorities. The first measure of acknowledging that representation was flawed and coming to the belief that the in-between category deserved a voice in their authorities was the most of import factor that guided subsequent reform. By the terminal of the 19th century, Britain was in front of her European neighbours when it came to democratic representation due to the fresh 1832 spring in the dark. How to cite Reform In Britain During The 1800s History Essay, Essay examples

Voluntary Administration for a Case Study Analysis- myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theVoluntary Administration for a Case Study Analysis. Answer: Constructing a DOCA Proposal One of the options available under voluntary administration is entering into a deed of company arrangement (DOCA). Either of the interested parties in the administration process, that is directors or creditors, may propose a deed highlighting the rights of creditors against the organisation and its assets and the obligations of the company in paying out its debt (Cseti, 2011). The deed, therefore, is an instrument that presents a compromise arrangement between the organisation and its creditors where the company has been facing financial challenges. It serves as a way to terminate the voluntary administration process. Once the deed is approved by the creditors the administration process is complete and the organisation proceeds to enforce the requirements of the deed accordingly. However various factors must be considered in constructing a DOCA proposal. As a voluntary administrator, once should ensure the deed adheres to the provisions of s 444A of the Corporations Act 2001. In preparing the proposal, an administrator should ensure they have set out the available property; the extent the company is relieved of its debt, pre-execution conditions and post-execution conditions, grounds for termination and order of distribution of proceeds among others. The deed may propose a continuation of the companys operation, injection of funds or sale of company properties or outline a fixed sum payable to creditors over a set period of time. Identifying the most suitable cause of action is guided by the deliberations at the creditors meetings as well as liaising with the company directors. These are the considerations to be made and criteria to be met in preparing a DOCA proposal for the directors and creditors of 4th Estate Media Limited. Insolvent Trading The Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) under s 95A defines solvency as the capacity to cover all debts and financial obligations when they are due, failure to this constitutes insolvency under s 95A (2). With regard to companies, Sutherland v Hanson Construction Materials Pty Ltd (2009) NSWSC held that an organization's solvency is determined by its cash flows which are evidenced by the balance sheet among other financial statements. As such, where an organisations cash flows fail to cover its debt then the organisation would be considered insolvent (ASIC, 2016). Under s 588G of the Act 2001 (Cth), where a company is insolvent and the directors cause it to incur further debt they would be engaging in insolvent trading which is a breach of their duties. The Act under s 588G bestows a duty on directors to prevent insolvent trading where they are directors at the time the debt is incurred, where incurring the debt leads to insolvency or where there are reasonable grounds for belief that the company is or would be insolvent (Quinlan, 2017). A director would be held liable if they were evidently aware of the companys insolvency but allowed the debt to be incurred or where a reasonable person in their position would be so aware of the possibility of insolvency. The Act 2001 (Cth) further considers dishonesty on the part of the director as a determinant for liability; the burden of proof lies with the claimant alleging the directors liability for insolvent trading (ASIC, 2016). Insolvency trading elicits various consequences; perpetrators face civil penalties as well as criminal charges in the event they are convicted of guilt. Contravention of the insolvency provisions outlined above may attract pecuniary penalties totalling up to $200,000. Other civil penalties include disqualification as a manager and compensation to creditors for the loss suffered (ASIC, 2016). Where dishonesty is involved, directors found liable may attract criminal liability. As such, where the director is found criminally liable they are likely to face imprisonment of up to five years (ASIC, 2014). The Impact of an Administrators Appointment on Large Bank Ltd Large Bank Ltd in this case study qualifies as a secured creditor, that is 4th Estate Media owes the bank money to the tune of Two Hundred and Fifty Million Dollars ($250M). In turn, the bank holds a security interest over some of the companys assets. Upon assumption of their role as voluntary administrators, Mark Menthol and James Corporal are expected to investigate the companys affairs and present the bank, along with other creditors and stakeholders with a report and possible options to end the voluntary administration process. Guided by this report the bank and other creditors will hold meetings to determine the best possible cause of action. However, with the appointment of the voluntary administrators, the bank as a secured creditor cannot enforce any security interests they may hold over the companys assets (ASIC, 2017). Further, as a creditor, the bank cannot institute legal proceedings to wind up or recover any debt owed once a voluntary administrator is appointed (Quinlan, 2005). If the bank held a charge over any company property, it must enforce it within ten days of the administrator's appointment; later enforcement would require the administrators consent or leave of court. However, if the bank had commenced enforcement proceedings prior to the appointment of the administrator, the enforcement of the security would proceed. As such, the appointment of the voluntary administrators would limit the rights of the bank to lay claim over the outstanding loan or enforce any existing securities as described above. Board Composition and ASX Corporate Governance Guidelines Generally, board size and composition varies depending on the type and size of the company as well as the complex nature of its business (Governance Institute of Australia, 2014). The ASX Corporate Governance Guidelines (2014) outline the composition guidelines for listed companies and provide that the size of a companys board of directors should be ample enough to cater for the businesss requirements. Additionally, any changes to the boards composition should be carried out smoothly without disrupting company operations. Further, good governance principles dictate that the chairman of the board should remain a non-executive director; the board should comprise of independent directors to ensure an unbiased opinion is reflected in decision making. In addition to this, any director who is described as an independent director should hold no interest whatsoever within the company that would compromise their independence. The conditions listed above outline the criteria for public companies to observe with regard to board composition. In the case study discussed herein, 4th Estate Media Limited has a board of five directors. The number falls within the criteria provided by the ASX guidelines. Additionally, the board chairman Flem Worsley is described as independent which also conforms to the ASX guidelines. Further, Caddy Isely fills in the role of the non-executive director as required by the ASX guidelines. Given the size of the board, it is evident that there is a balance of executive, non-executive and independent directors on the board. With this analysis in mind, it is evident that the company, 4th Estate Media Ltd, has conformed with ASX guidelines with regard to board composition. The Role of Minority Shareholders in the Voluntary Administration Process As aforementioned, the purpose of the voluntary administration process is to restructure the organisation so as to allow it to survive where it has been faced with financial difficulties (Hughes, 2017). It allows the organisation an opportunity its financial status by suspending or negotiating obligations with creditors. During the administration process, the administrator assumes management control from company directors and assesses the companys affairs so as to determine the best possible option for creditors that would ensure the companys survival. The primary duty of the voluntary administrator is to the creditors and the company directors; shareholders play a minimal role in this process (ASIC, 2017). In order to commence the process a voluntary administrator is appointed through a board resolution; shareholders and particularly minority shareholders do not play any role at this stage. Additionally, as previously mentioned the voluntary administrator is under no duty to report to the shareholders; however, shareholders may inspect administration books kept to maintain a record of the process. Shareholders are not accorded the right to vote on the companys future once the administrator is appointed they would also be bound by a DOCA once or if it is approved. It is evident therefore that shareholders rights are limited under the voluntary administration regime (Williamson-Noble, et al., 2015). Minority shareholders are likely to be severely disadvantaged where a company opts for voluntary administration. This is because they lack sufficient voting rights to influence the companys future prior and post voluntary administration and as such are bound by any decisions made by directors and the majority. Additionally, as was the case in Australian Blue Mountain International Cultural Tourist Group Pty Ltd [2015] NSWSC 937, the minority may receive notice of the ultimate decision either in delay or not at all and as such cannot adequately participate in the post administration process. Further, priority payment policies under Australian Corporation Legislation place minority shareholders at a lower priority level over creditors and majority shareholders as such they may receive little to no funds should the company decide to ultimately wind up after the voluntary administration process is complete (Resolute Lawyers Associates, 2014). Reference List ASIC, 2014. Insolvency for directors. [Online] Available at: https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/insolvency-for-directors/directors-consequences-of-insolvent-trading/ [Accessed 13 September 2017]. ASIC, 2016. Insolvent Trading: Duties of Directors. [Online] Available at: https://aicd.companydirectors.com.au/~/media/cd2/resources/director-resources/director-tools/pdf/05446-6-3-duties-directors_insolvent-trading_a4-web.ashx [Accessed 13 September 2017]. ASIC, 2017. Information Sheet (INFO 43): Insolvency, A Guide for Shareholders, s.l.: ASIC. ASIC, 2017. Information Sheet 74 (INFO 74): Voluntary Administration, A Guide for Creditors.[Online] Available at: https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/insolvency-for-creditors/voluntary-administration-a-guide-for-creditors/ [Accessed 13 September 2017]. ASX Corporate Governance Council, 2014. ASX Corporate Governance Principles 3rd Edition. s.l.:ASX Corporate Governance Council. Australian Blue Mountain International Cultural Tourist Group Pty Ltd (2015) NSWSC 937. Cseti, D., 2011. Understanding Personal Property Securities Law. Sydney: CCH Australia Ltd. Governance Institute of Australia, 2014. Good Governance Guide: Board Composition. s.l.:Governance Institute of Australia. Hughes, R., 2017. Explaining the Voluntary Administration Process. [Online] Available at: https://www.franchise.edu.au/home/topics/franchise-management-topics/explaining-the-voluntary-administration-process [Accessed 13 September 2017]. Quinlan, M., 2005. Corporate Insolvency and Restructuring. s.l.:Allens Arthur Robinson. Quinlan, M., 2017. What is insolvent trading?. [Online] Available at: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/782/what-is-insolvent-trading.aspx [Accessed 13 September 2017]. Resolute Lawyers Associates, 2014. Insolvency Laws Used to Eliminate Minority Shareholders. [Online] Available at: https://resolutelawyers.blogspot.co.ke/2014/06/insolvency-laws-used-to-eliminate.html [Accessed 13 September 2017]. Sutherland v Hanson Construction Materials Pty Ltd (2009) NSWSC. Williamson-Noble, J., Gordon, T. Tobin, G., 2015. Shareholder's rights in private and public companies in Australia. [Online] Available at: https://ca.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/2-611-6545?transitionType=DefaultcontextData=(sc.Default)__lrTS=20170613194830306firstPage=truebhcp=1 [Accessed 13 September 2017].

Seminar in helping Essay Example For Students

Seminar in helping Essay My perception to the social work filed is basicallythe problems that exist in our nation which need to be recognized more clearly than it is. A number of prominent individuals have been attacked or killed by people with a psychosis or other mental disorders. Violence and aggression displayed by the mentally ill is usually directed against partners or family members, rather than others. There is little evidence of an increasing number of violent acts made by patients with psychosis, but books suggests that patients with major mental disorders have an increased risk for committing such acts compared with the general population Fed by highly selected information in the mass media about their very rare contribution to one type of tragedy, homicide, the public, it has been said that unless people with a mental disorder are once more segregated, the streets will not be safe.Society that admits to uphold values such as the purity of life, equality, peace and non-violence can at the same time endorse capital punishment as a method of justice. Capital punishment is a barbaric practice that makes up a form of social injustice, especially since it does not even fulfill its alleged purpose of defending the interests of society. Executions have become rare among industrialized democracies. While a few countries do retain capital statues for dealing with extraordinary crimes suc h as treason, only Japan, parts of the former Soviet Union, and the United States still carry out death sentences for ordinary crimes of violence. Interestingly, even among those countries that still impose the death penalty, it appears that the United States stands in severe contrast to the international trend with capital punishment flourishing, accompanied by a corresponding wave of public support. The basic concerns of social welfare poverty, disability and disease, the dependent young and elderly are as old as civilized society itself. The means by which these concerns are addressed were once limited only by the laws of survival. Sharing another persons burden means weakening ones own standing in the struggle of daily existence. However, as societies evolved, the dependence between affiliates increased, so, as individuals became vulnerable, the society as a whole was affected, and systematic responses to disrupting factors were introduced. There have been recent studies that revealed the significance of parenting in the cross-generational transmission of aggressive or problem behavior up to three continuous generations. Stable evidence has long recognized and documented the negative effects of aggressive or harsh and inconsistent parenting and identified the need for interventions that would encourage better parenting skills. These results provide the direct link between the incidence of child abuse and the appearance of problem behaviors later in life. While child abuse occurs in all social, ethnic and income groups, it is most common among poor, under-educated and dysfunctional families and committed mostly by parents themselves who are young, unmarried or separated, lonely and coping with lifes stresses. My previous social work courses are relevant the social work profession in many ways, for instance human behavior I lean the concepts of hoe humans behave and why they behave the way that they do, social work with and for the aging will help me if I decide to work in the field with the elderly meaning, how to understand and cope with the elderly, Introduction to Social Work defined what social work was and what social workers do, and why they are so important. What made me become interested into social work does not have anything to do with the salary, there has been times in my life where others had helped me in my life and it seems like you can never thank them enough so I figured by paying it forward would be more than enough. .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f , .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .postImageUrl , .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f , .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f:hover , .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f:visited , .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f:active { border:0!important; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f:active , .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u07de116fbbcd6a7b3acbd52a7053849f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nutrition vs. sport performance EssayThe code of ethics is my personal commitment to my clients. The social work value that gives me the most difficulty is Encouraging individuals active participation in the helping relationship and to uphold their right to make their own decisions. This is the most difficult for me because Im trying to help my client make the right decisions in life, I cant do that if my client does not agree with my judgments, meaning if they want they could make the worst decision possible and all I can do is watch my client basically self- destruct themselves. My career goal is to be successful as possible for the sake of my daughter and I, to be able to be a good social worker to all of my clients, to be a positives role models to students and my co-workers.

Essay Topics For the Intelligence Test

Essay Topics For the Intelligence TestHaving the right essay topics for an intelligence test can make a difference in how much you score. Many people never make the grade on the test, because they chose a topic that is not appropriate for the IQ exam. Most college admissions counselors and college guidance counselors will not even consider a student who has chosen the wrong topic. These topics should be chosen based on your specific needs.There are many basic words that are used in different ways. This article will focus on using a few of the most common to help you get started with some great essay topics for the intelligence exam. We will talk about how you will build your material around these words and why you should do so.One of the best ways to do this is by using body language. It seems obvious, but it takes a little practice to get good at how body language affects the way someone is thinking.When you look at someone with good body language, you will notice that there are dif ferent facial expressions. The more confident you are, the more confident the person looks.You can also use body language to give more information about a person than just what they are saying. One of the easiest ways to do this is to put emphasis on the 'I' word. It is very important to make this one of your topics.It is often best to write conversational topics first and then have a central topic later on. This way, you can develop each of the topics into a story with strong points and weak points. Writing from the perspective of someone who knows the person can be very helpful.Intelligence essay topics can be hard to come up with. If you do not know how to structure your essay topics, then it can be difficult to find the right topics for the test. Make sure you take some time to research topics that will give you the best overall score.

Romeo And Juliet Open Response Essays

Romeo And Juliet Open Response Essays Romeo And Juliet Open Response Essay Romeo And Juliet Open Response Essay One reason Romeo is responsible for Gullets death and is own, is because he made the choice to go to the masquerade ball. If Romeo never went to the ball, he would not have meet Juliet. If he never met Juliet then he would not have fallen head over heels in love with her, enough to kill himself. Ill go along no such sight to be shown, But to rejoice in splendor of mine own. (1. 2. 103-104. ) in these lines Romeo says he will join Benevolent on going to Caplets ball. Romeo, not knowing one decision could create his fate, chose to try to meet new people instead of longing for Rosalie. Another reason Romeo is in charge of the deaths of himself ND Juliet, is he killed Table Caplet. Because Romeo killed Table, his cousin by marriage at the time, he was exiled to Mantra and could no longer see his love, Juliet. If Romeo walked away from the fight instead of getting in the middle, he could have easily avoided being exiled and could have stayed in Verona with Juliet. This days black fate on more days doth depend. This but begins the woe others must end. (3. 1. 81;82. ) in this quote, Romeo is expressing that this fight create peoples fate. He is also saying that the future will be affected by these actions. Romeo should not have fought and killed Table if he wanted to keep Juliet. The last reason Romeo is responsible for their deaths, is because he killed himself next to Juliet. Romeo should not have killed himself in the first place, but since he did, Juliet saw it when she awoke as him leaving her and she wanted to join him. Yea, noise? Then Ill be brief. O happy dagger, this is thy sheath. There rust and let me die. (5. 3. 183-184. ) in this last quote, Juliet expresses how she kills herself to be with Romeo. In my opinion, Juliet should have left with Friar Lawrence so she loud join the nunnery.

20 Movies Based on Shakespeare Plays

20 Movies Based on Shakespeare Plays 20 Movies Based on Shakespeare Plays 20 Movies Based on Shakespeare Plays By Maeve Maddox For me, April is Shakespeare’s month. Ill be writing several Shakespeare-related posts this month, starting with Shakespeare in the movies. According to tradition, William Shakespeare was born and died on Saint George’s Day, April 23. I find it poignant that one of his characters, Cassius, also dies on his birthday: This day I breathed first: time is come round, And where I did begin, there shall I end; Julius Caesar V, iii A popular academic pastime has beenand continues to bearguing that someone other than the man from Stratford wrote the plays because the â€Å"real† Shakespeare was too uneducated and homebound to have come up with such language, geographical references, and classical allusions. It’s one of the oldest conspiracy theories in existence. The official Shakespeare canon includes 16 comedies, 10 histories, 12 tragedies, 154 sonnets, and five longer poems. Writers have been mining the Shakespearean canon for 420 years and show no signs of exhausting it. Movie makers have been at it for 111 years. The first known film to make use of a Shakespeare play was a British production made in 1899. Only a two-minute scene survives, showing Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree acting the death scene of King John from the play of the same name. Hollywood has produced at least 250 films based on the plays or on characters or plots from the plays. Of Hamlet alone, close to 100 movie and TV adaptations have been made since 1907. Not just English-speaking movie makers raid the canon. Ran, for example, is a Japanese movie that sets King Lear in feudal Japan and turns Lear’s daughters into sons. Here are some movie titles followed by the name of the Shakespeare play that inspired them: A Double Life (1947) Othello A Thousand Acres (1997) King Lear All Night Long (1962) Othello Catch My Soul (1974) Othello Forbidden Planet (1956) The Tempest King of Texas (2002) King Lear Kiss Me Kate (1948) The Taming of the Shrew Let the Devil Wear Black (1999) Hamlet Men of Respect (1991) Macbeth My Own Private Idaho (1991) Henry IV and Henry V plays Ran (1985) King Lear Romeo Must Die (2000) Romeo and Juliet Scotland, PA (2001) Macbeth She’s the Man (2006) Twelfth Night Strange Brew (1983) Hamlet The Boys from Syracuse (1940) Comedy of Errors Tower of London (1939) Richard III Were the World Mine (2008) A Midsummer’s Night Dream West Side Story (1961) Romeo and Juliet Yellow Sky (1943) The Tempest Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:16 Substitutes for â€Å"Because† or â€Å"Because Of†7 Tips for Writing a Film ReviewForming the Comparative of One-syllable Adjectives

Research Methods for Business and Management Coursework - 2

Research Methods for Business and Management - Coursework Example However, the philosophy has not been exhausted and remains somehow sketchy. Qn. 4: - The data collection is well described and it is backed by how the data has been presented using graphs and pie charts. Data analysis has also been extensively done, enhancing the conclusive argument. Qn. 5: - The conclusions have been based on a thorough data collection, presentation and analysis, which has not been faulty. Thus, it is good to note that the conclusions reached are fair based on the data. Qn. 6: - The referencing is not completely and well formatted. The haphazard manner in which it has been done makes it difficult to identity which referencing style has been used. Further, the sort of referencing cannot be said to comply with current APA, Harvard or any other referencing style. Qn. 7: - The actual research has followed the outline set in the research proposal. The outline of the proposal identifies the activities which should be carried out and which order. The actual research has followed this

Surrealism as a way of looking at life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Surrealism as a way of looking at life - Essay Example The essay "Surrealism as a way of looking at life" states the surrealism. Artists were able to create strange creatures, from common objects. From this objects, Toman and JindrÃŒÅ'ich explains that artists were able to develop painting techniques that had the capability of allowing the unconscious self to express an idea, a concept, or even itself. Castant further explains that works of surrealism constantly feature elements of surprise, non sequitur, as well as unexpected juxtaposition. However, Greet denotes that majority of surrealist writers and artists normally regard their works of art as an expression of a philosophical movement, and this is before regarding these works as an artifact. On this basis, writers and artists of surrealism view this concept as a revolutionary movement. Brodskaiï ¸  aï ¸ ¡ traces the emergence of this movement to the Dada activities that were conducted during the 1st World War. Furthermore, Toman and JindrÃŒÅ'ich denotes that Paris played a great r ole in the emergence of this movement, because it was the center where artists were able to converge, and express their feelings and artistic works. From the year 1920, Surrealism was able to spread all over the world, affecting works in music, literature, film, as well as visual arts. Brodskaiï ¸  aï ¸ ¡ further denotes that surrealism has affected areas such as politics, philosophy, aesthetics, as well as other social elements of an individual’s life. Castant denotes that surrealism is an idea and movement that came to prominence.

Motivation As The Key To Performance Improvement Commerce Essay

Motivation As The Key To Performance Improvement Commerce Essay There is an old saying-you can take a horse to the water but u cannot force it to drink; itll drink only if it is thirsty-so with people. They will do what they want to do or otherwise motivated to do. Whether it is to excel on the workshop floor or in the ivory tower they must be motivated or driven to it, either by themselves or through external stimulus. Motivation is essential for any business to survive and succeed. Performance is considered to be a function of ability and motivation, thus: Job performance = f (ability)(motivation) Ability in turn depends on education, experience and training and its improvement in a slow and long process. On the other hand, motivation can be improved quickly. There are many options and an uninitiated manager may not even know where to start. As a guideline, there are broadly seven strategies for motivation: Positive reinforcement/high expectations Effective discipline and punishment Treating people fairly Satisfying employees needs Setting work related goals Restructuring jobs Base rewards on job performance Essentially, there is a gap between an individuals actual state and some desired state and the manager tries to reduce this gap. Motivation is, in effect, a means to reduce and manipulate this gap. It is inducing others in a specific way towards goals specifically stated by the motivator. Naturally, these goals as also the motivation system must conform to the corporate policy of the organization. The motivational system must be tailored to the situation and to the organisation. Intrinsic motivation comes from rewards inherent to a task or activity itself the enjoyment of a puzzle or the love of playing.[2] This form of motivation has been studied by social and educational psychologists since the early 1970s. Research has found that it is usually associated with high educational achievement and enjoyment by students. Intrinsic motivation has been explained by Fritz Heiders attribution theory, Banduras work on self-efficacy, [3] and Ryan and Decis cognitive evaluation theory. Students are likely to be intrinsically motivated if they: attribute their educational results to internal factors that they can control (e.g. the amount of effort they put in), believe they can be effective agents in reaching desired goals (i.e. the results are not determined by luck), are interested in mastering a topic, rather than just rote-learning to achieve good grades. Extrinsic motivation comes from outside of the performer. Money is the most obvious example, but coercion and threat of punishment are also common extrinsic motivations. While competing, the crowd may cheer on the performer, which may motivate him or her to do well. Trophies are also extrinsic incentives. Competition is in general extrinsic because it encourages the performer to win and beat others, not to enjoy the intrinsic rewards of the activity. Social psychological research has indicated that extrinsic rewards can lead to overjustification and a subsequent reduction in intrinsic motivation. In one study demonstrating this effect, children who expected to be (and were) rewarded with a ribbon and a gold star for drawing pictures spent less time playing with the drawing materials in subsequent observations than children who were assigned to an unexpected reward condition and to children who received no extrinsic reward[4] These articles on motivation theory and practice concentrate on various theories regarding human nature in general and motivation in particular. Included are the articles on the practical aspects of motivation in the workplace and the research that has been undertaken in this field, notably by Douglas McGregor (theory y), Frederick Herzberg (two factor motivation hygiene theory), Abraham Maslow (theory z, hierarchy of needs), Elton Mayo (Hawthorne experiments), Chris Argyris Rensis Likert and David McClelland (achievement motivation). The incentive theory of motivation A reward, tangible or intangible, is presented after the occurrence of an action (i.e. behavior) with the intent to cause the behavior to occur again. This is done by associating positive meaning to the behavior. Studies show that if the person receives the reward immediately, the effect would be greater, and decreases as duration lengthens. Repetitive action-reward combination can cause the action to become habit. Motivation comes from two sources: oneself, and other people. These two sources are called intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation, respectively. Applying proper motivational techniques can be much harder than it seems. Steven Kerr notes that when creating a reward system, it can be easy to reward A, while hoping for B, and in the process, reap harmful effects that can jeopardize your goals.[5] A reinforcer is different from reward, in that reinforcement is intended to create a measured increase in the rate of a desirable behavior following the addition of something to the environment. Drive-reduction theories There are a number of drive theories. The Drive Reduction Theory grows out of the concept that we have certain biological drives, such as hunger. As time passes the strength of the drive increases if it is not satisfied (in this case by eating). Upon satisfying a drive the drives strength is reduced. The theory is based on diverse ideas from the theories of Freud to the ideas of feedback control systems, such as a thermostat. Drive theory has some intuitive or folk validity. For instance when preparing food, the drive model appears to be compatible with sensations of rising hunger as the food is prepared, and, after the food has been consumed, a decrease in subjective hunger. There are several problems, however, that leave the validity of drive reduction open for debate. The first problem is that it does not explain how secondary reinforcers reduce drive. For example, money satisfies no biological or psychological needs, but a pay check appears to reduce drive through second-order conditioning. Secondly, a drive, such as hunger, is viewed as having a desire to eat, making the drive a homuncular being a feature criticized as simply moving the fundamental problem behind this small man and his desires. In addition, it is clear that drive reduction theory cannot be a complete theory of behavior, or a hungry human could not prepare a meal without eating the food before they finished cooking it. The ability of drive theory to cope with all kinds of behavior, from not satisfying a drive (by adding on other traits such as restraint), or adding additional drives for tasty food, which combine with drives for food in order to explain cooking render it hard to test. [edit] Cognitive dissonance theory Suggested by Leon Festinger, this occurs when an individual experiences some degree of discomfort resulting from an incompatibility between two cognitions. For example, a consumer may seek to reassure himself regarding a purchase, feeling, in retrospect, that another decision may have been preferable. Another example of cognitive dissonance is when a belief and a behavior are in conflict. A person may wish to be healthy, believes smoking is bad for ones health, and yet continues to smoke. Need theories [edit] Need hierarchy theory Main article: Maslows hierarchy of needs Abraham Maslows theory is one of the most widely discussed theories of motivation. The theory can be summarized as follows: Human beings have wants and desires which influence their behavior. Only unsatisfied needs influence behavior, satisfied needs do not. Since needs are many, they are arranged in order of importance, from the basic to the complex. The person advances to the next level of needs only after the lower level need is at least minimally satisfied. The further the progress up the hierarchy, the more individuality, humanness and psychological health a person will show. The needs, listed from basic (lowest-earliest) to most complex (highest-latest) are as follows: Physiology (hunger, thirst, sleep, etc.) Safety/Security/Shelter/Health Belongingness/Love/Friendship Self-esteem/Recognition/Achievement Self actualization [edit] Herzbergs two-factor theory Main article: Frederick Herzberg Frederick Herzbergs two-factor theory, AKA intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, concludes that certain factors in the workplace result in job satisfaction, but if absent, they dont lead to dissatisfaction but no satisfaction.[6] The factors that motivate people can change over their lifetime, but respect for me as a person is one of the top motivating factors at any stage of life. He distinguished between: Motivators; (e.g. challenging work, recognition, responsibility) which give positive satisfaction, and Hygiene factors; (e.g. status, job security, salary and fringe benefits) that do not motivate if present, but, if absent, result in demotivation. The name Hygiene factors is used because, like hygiene, the presence will not make you healthier, but absence can cause health deterioration. The theory is sometimes called the Motivator-Hygiene Theory and/or The Dual Structure Theory. Herzbergs theory has found application in such occupational fields as information systems and in studies of user satisfaction (see Computer user satisfaction). [edit] Alderfers ERG theory Main article: Clayton Alderfer Clayton Alderfer, expanding on Maslows hierarchy of needs, created the ERG theory (existence, relatedness and growth). Physiological and safety, the lower order needs, are placed in the existence category, while love and self esteem needs are placed in the relatedness category. The growth category contains our self-actualization and self-esteem needs. [edit] Self-determination theory Self-determination theory, developed by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan, focuses on the importance of intrinsic motivation in driving human behavior. Like Maslows hierarchical theory and others that built on it, SDT posits a natural tendency toward growth and development. Unlike these other theories, however, SDT does not include any sort of autopilot for achievement, but instead requires active encouragement from the environment. The primary factors that encourage motivation and development are autonomy, competence feedback, and relatedness. Broad theories The latest approach in Achievement Motivation is an integrative perspective as lined out in the Onion-Ring-Model of Achievement Motivation by Heinz Schuler, George C. Thornton III, Andreas Frintrup and Rose Mueller-Hanson. It is based on the premise that performance motivation results from the way broad components of personality are directed towards performance. As a result, it includes a range of dimensions that are relevant to success at work but which are not conventionally regarded as being part of performance motivation. Especially it integrates formerly separated approaches as Need for Achievement with e.g. social motives like Dominance. The Achievement Motivation Inventory (AMI) (Schuler, Thornton, Frintrup Mueller-Hanson, 2003) is based on this theory and assesses three factors (17 separated scales) relevant to vocational and professional success. [edit] Cognitive theories [edit] Goal-setting theory Goal-setting theory is based on the notion that individuals sometimes have a drive to reach a clearly defined end state. Often, this end state is a reward in itself. A goals efficiency is affected by three features: proximity, difficulty and specificity. An ideal goal should present a situation where the time between the initiation of behavior and the end state is close. This explains why some children are more motivated to learn how to ride a bike than mastering algebra. A goal should be moderate, not too hard or too easy to complete. In both cases, most people are not optimally motivated, as many want a challenge (which assumes some kind of insecurity of success). At the same time people want to feel that there is a substantial probability that they will succeed. Specificity concerns the description of the goal in their class. The goal should be objectively defined and intelligible for the individual. A classic example of a poorly specified goal is to get the highest possible grade . Most children have no idea how much effort they need to reach that goal. Models of behavior change Social-cognitive models of behavior change include the constructs of motivation and volition. Motivation is seen as a process that leads to the forming of behavioral intentions. Volition is seen as a process that leads from intention to actual behavior. In other words, motivation and volition refer to goal setting and goal pursuit, respectively. Both processes require self-regulatory efforts. Several self-regulatory constructs are needed to operate in orchestration to attain goals. An example of such a motivational and volitional construct is perceived self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is supposed to facilitate the forming of behavioral intentions, the development of action plans, and the initiation of action. It can support the translation of intentions into action. See also: Health Action Process Approach I-Change Model [edit] Unconscious motivation Some psychologists believe that a significant portion of human behavior is energized and directed by unconscious motives. According to Maslow, Psychoanalysis has often demonstrated that the relationship between a conscious desire and the ultimate unconscious aim that underlies it need not be at all direct.[9] In other words, stated motives do not always match those inferred by skilled observers. For example, it is possible that a person can be accident-prone because he has an unconscious desire to hurt himself and not because he is careless or ignorant of the safety rules.[citation needed] Similarly, some overweight people are not hungry at all for food but for fighting and kissing. Eating is merely a defensive reaction to lack of attention.[citation needed] Some workers damage more equipment than others do because they harbor unconscious feelings of aggression toward authority figures.[citation needed] Psychotherapists[who?] point out that some behavior is so automatic that the reasons for it are not available in the individuals conscious mind. Compulsive cigarette smoking is an example. Sometimes maintaining self-esteem is so important and the motive for an activity is so threatening that it is simply not recognized and, in fact, may be disguised or repressed. Rationalization, or explaining away, is one such disguise, or defense mechanism, as it is called. Another is projecting or attributing ones own faults to others. I feel I am to blame, becomes It is her fault; she is selfish. Repression of powerful but socially unacceptable motives may result in outward behavior that is the opposite of the repressed tendencies. An example of this would be the employee who hates his boss but overworks himself on the job to show that he holds him in high regard.[citation needed] Unconscious motives add to the hazards of interpreting human behavior and, to the extent that they are present, complicate the life of the administrator. On the other hand, knowledge that unconscious motives exist can lead to a more careful assessment of behavioral problems. Although few contemporary psychologists deny the existence of unconscious factors, many[who?] do believe that these are activated only in times of anxiety and stress, and that in the ordinary course of events, human behavior from the subjects point of view is rationally purposeful. [edit] Intrinsic motivation and the 16 basic desires theory Starting from studies involving more than 6,000 people, Professor Steven Reiss has proposed a theory that find 16 basic desires that guide nearly all human behavior. [10] [11] The desires are: Acceptance, the need for approval Curiosity, the need to think Eating, the need for food Family, the need to raise children Honor, the need to be loyal to the traditional values of ones clan/ethnic group Idealism, the need for social justice Independence, the need for individuality Order, the need for organized, stable, predictable environments Physical Activity, the need for exercise Power, the need for influence of will Romance, the need for sex Saving, the need to collect Social Contact, the need for friends (peer relationships) Status, the need for social standing/importance Tranquility, the need to be safe Vengeance, the need to strike back In this model, people differ in these basic desires. These basic desires represent intrinsic desires that directly motivate a persons behavior, and not aimed at indirectly satisfying other desires. People may also be motivated by non-basic desires, but in this case this does not relate to deep motivation, or only as a means to achieve other basic desires. [edit] Other theories Reversal theory Motivating operation Taylor Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856 1917) put forward the idea that workers are motivated mainly by pay. His Theory of Scientific Management argued the following: Workers do not naturally enjoy work and so need close supervision and control Therefore managers should break down production into a series of small tasks Workers should then be given appropriate training and tools so they can work as efficiently as possible on one set task. Workers are then paid according to the number of items they produce in a set period of time- piece-rate pay. As a result workers are encouraged to work hard and maximise their productivity. Taylors methods were widely adopted as businesses saw the benefits of increased productivity levels and lower unit costs. The most notably advocate was Henry Ford who used them to design the first ever production line, making Ford cars. This was the start of the era of mass production. Taylors approach has close links with the concept of an autocratic management style (managers take all the decisions and simply give orders to those below them) and Macgregors Theory X approach to workers (workers are viewed as lazy and wish to avoid responsibility). However workers soon came to dislike Taylors approach as they were only given boring, repetitive tasks to carry out and were being treated little better than human machines. Firms could also afford to lay off workers as productivity levels increased. This led to an increase in strikes and other forms of industrial action by dis-satisfied workers. Mayo Elton Mayo (1880 1949) believed that workers are not just concerned with money but could be better motivated by having their social needs met whilst at work (something that Taylor ignored). He introduced the Human Relation School of thought, which focused on managers taking more of an interest in the workers, treating them as people who have worthwhile opinions and realising that workers enjoy interacting together. Mayo conducted a series of experiments at the Hawthorne factory of the Western Electric Company in Chicago He isolated two groups of women workers and studied the effect on their productivity levels of changing factors such as lighting and working conditions. He expected to see productivity levels decline as lighting or other conditions became progressively worse What he actually discovered surprised him: whatever the change in lighting or working conditions, the productivity levels of the workers improved or remained the same. From this Mayo concluded that workers are best motivated by: Better communication between managers and workers ( Hawthorne workers were consulted over the experiments and also had the opportunity to give feedback) Greater manager involvement in employees working lives ( Hawthorne workers responded to the increased level of attention they were receiving) Working in groups or teams. ( Hawthorne workers did not previously regularly work in teams) In practice therefore businesses should re-organise production to encourage greater use of team working and introduce personnel departments to encourage greater manager involvement in looking after employees interests. His theory most closely fits in with a paternalistic style of management. Maslow Abraham Maslow (1908 1970) along with Frederick Herzberg (1923-) introduced the Neo-Human Relations School in the 1950s, which focused on the psychological needs of employees. Maslow put forward a theory that there are five levels of human needs which employees need to have fulfilled at work. All of the needs are structured into a hierarchy (see below) and only once a lower level of need has been fully met, would a worker be motivated by the opportunity of having the next need up in the hierarchy satisfied. For example a person who is dying of hunger will be motivated to achieve a basic wage in order to buy food before worrying about having a secure job contract or the respect of others. A business should therefore offer different incentives to workers in order to help them fulfill each need in turn and progress up the hierarchy (see below). Managers should also recognise that workers are not all motivated in the same way and do not all move up the hierarchy at the same pace. They may therefore have to offer a slightly different set of incentives from worker to worker. Herzberg Frederick Herzberg (1923-) had close links with Maslow and believed in a two-factor theory of motivation. He argued that there were certain factors that a business could introduce that would directly motivate employees to work harder (Motivators). However there were also factors that would de-motivate an employee if not present but would not in themselves actually motivate employees to work harder (Hygienefactors) Motivators are more concerned with the actual job itself. For instance how interesting the work is and how much opportunity it gives for extra responsibility, recognition and promotion. Hygiene factors are factors which surround the job rather than the job itself. For example a worker will only turn up to work if a business has provided a reasonable level of pay and safe working conditions but these factors will not make him work harder at his job once he is there. Importantly Herzberg viewed pay as a hygiene factor which is in direct contrast to Taylor who viewed pay, and piece-rate in particular Herzberg believed that businesses should motivate employees by adopting a democratic approach to management and by improving the nature and content of the actual job through certain methods. Some of the methods managers could use to achieve this are: Job enlargement workers being given a greater variety of tasks to perform (not necessarily more challenging) which should make the work more interesting. Job enrichment involves workers being given a wider range of more complex, interesting and challenging tasks surrounding a complete unit of work. This should give a greater sense of achievement. Empowerment means delegating more power to employees to make their own decisions over areas of their working life. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation) (http://www.accel-team.com/motivation/index.html) (http://tutor2u.net/business/gcse/people_motivation_theories.htm)